Актуальность работы связана с необходимостью создания сортов яровой мягкой пшеницы с зерном высокого качества за счет использования генетических ресурсов родственных видов злаков. целью исследований было изучение интрогрессивных линий яровой мягкой пшеницы с генами пырея удлиненного Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv по признакам урожайности, качества зерна и устойчивости к стеблевой ржавчине в условиях лесостепной зоны Западной Сибири. Материалом для исследований служил набор интрогрессивных линий пшеницы, созданный в Омском ГАУ. Исследования проводили в полевых условиях в южной лесостепи Западной Сибири (г. Омск) по общепринятым методикам. После уборки определяли массу 1000 зерен и показатели качества зерна (содержание белка, сырой клейковины, натурную массу). Погодные условия в период исследований были контрастными: в 2017 г. длительное время стояла засуха при высоких температурах воздуха, а в 2018 г. выпадали регулярные обильные осадки при умеренных температурах. Лучшие интрогрессивные линии формировали стабильную урожайность, превышающую показатели стандартов в 1,2-2,5 раза (в среднем), а также имели высокие показатели массы 1000 зерен. Эти линии по содержанию в зерне белка (14,9-16,4 %) и клейковины (29,5-33,6 %) соответствовали сильной пшенице 1 и 2 класса, но в связи с формированием крупного зерна имели низкую натурную массу. В ходе исследований было отмечено преодоление устойчивости к стеблевой ржавчине ряда линий. После отбора были выделены линии, проявляющие иммунитет или высокую устойчивость к болезни (0-10MR) в Западной Сибири. По комплексу признаков (урожайности, качеству зерна и устойчивости к стеблевой ржавчине) выделены семь линий, перспективных для создания сортов для Западной Сибири. ключевые слова: мягкая пшеница, Agropyron elongatum, качество зерна, стеблевая ржавчина, западная Сибирь
The false flax is a highly effective crop used to oust weeds. However, its crops sometimes must be treated with herbicides. There are no herbicides recommended to treat this plant in the range of chemical solutions available. This fact calls for the study aimed at finding herbicides that can be used to treat the false flax. Experiments carried out on the field of the scientific-experimental farm of Omsk State Agrarian University were aimed at determining the impact of five herbicides on the weed infestation and the yield of the false flax. Samples receiving no treatment and those undergoing manual weeding were used for control purposes. No treatment and Lontrel-treated samples were heavily infested (with the weed weight proportion of 43.0% and 20.3% respectively). The slight infestation was observed in samples with manual weeding (2.2%) and Lornet-treated (9.2%) samples. The medium infestation was observed in samples treated with Reper, Khiler, and Miura (10.7%, 10.2%, and 18.8% respectively). The highest yield was observed in the manual weeding sample (1.83 t/ha), the yield of the Khiler sample was a little bit lower (1.52 t/ha), and the lowest yield was found in the Miura sample (0.55 t/ha).
The article presents the five-year results of the studying the adaptation of varieties, and hybrids of Jerusalem artichoke in the forest-steppe of the Omsk region. The analysis of biometric indicators and crop yield structure is presented. The dynamics of the accumulation of herbage, as well as the periods of the passage of phenological phases are shown. The chemical composition of plants is determined. The studies show that many hybrids and varieties in Western Siberia do not go through the flowering phase, but at the same time form a full-fledged tuber crop. At the same time, the high yield of the aerial mass of Jerusalem artichoke does not always ensure a high yield of tubers. On average, for five years of research, the French D-5 hybrid, Canadian sample and variety samples’ No. 1 and No. 9 we distinguished in terms of herbage productivity. This indicator was 49.4-58.9 t / ha. In terms of tuber productivity, the best varieties were No. 9 and No. 12, as well as the Sireniki-1 variety (29.1-30.2 t / ha). The distinguished varieties and hybrids of Jerusalem artichoke are recommended for the introduction into production in order to improve the forage base of agricultural enterprises. The research on the selection of varieties and hybrids in order to obtain high-tech tubers (large and aligned) for processing in the food industry will be continued.
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