TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis (TACS) as a clinically distinguishable subtype of congenital scoliosis: further evidence supporting the compound inheritance and TBX6 gene dosage model

We aimed to detect the effects of miR‐145‐5p on the cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion in NRAS‐mutant, BRAF‐mutant, and wild‐type melanoma cells, in order to figure out the potential mechanisms and provide a novel therapeutic target of melanoma. RT‐qPCR and western blot were used to detect the expression of miR‐145‐5p and NRAS in melanoma tumor tissues and cells, respectively. Luciferase assay was performed to determine whether miR‐145‐5p directly targeted NRAS. After transfecting miR‐145‐5p mimics, miR‐145‐5p inhibitors, NRAS cDNA and NRAS siRNA into CHL‐1, VMM917 and SK‐mel‐28 cells, functional assays were used to detect the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration, including MTT, flow cytometry, Transwell and wound healing assays. In addition, xenograft models in nude mice were also conducted to verify the role of miR‐145‐5p in vivo. MiR‐145‐5p was able to suppress proliferation, invasion, and migration of VMM917 and CHL‐1 cells and induce apoptosis by inhibiting MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. However, aberrant expression of miR‐145‐5p and NRAS has little impact on the viability and metastasis of BRAF‐mutant melanoma. The higher expression of miR‐145‐5p in xenograft models repressed the VMM917‐induced and CHL‐1‐induced tumor growth observably and has little effect on SK‐mel‐28‐induced tumor growth which was consistent with the results in vitro. Through targeting NRAS, miR‐145‐5p could suppress cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and induce apoptosis of CHL‐1 and VMM917 melanoma cells by inhibiting MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways.

ASF versus PSF comparison in treating moderate lumbar/thoracolumbar AIS did not show significant differences in regards to safety or efficacy but demonstrated shorter fusion levels, reduced surgical trauma and costs in ASF.