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Agricultural sustainability is crucial for ensuring food security, promoting economic development, maintaining ecological balance, and achieving sustainable development goals. In this study, based on relevant theories of agricultural sustainability, an analytical framework is constructed for agricultural sustainability encompassing economic, resource, environmental, and social dimensions. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) method is employed to determine indicator weights and assess the spatiotemporal changes in agricultural sustainability levels across Chinese provinces. The findings reveal that environmental quality is the primary dimension for assessing agricultural sustainability, and the significance of the rural social development dimension is continuously increasing. Although the sustainability levels have significantly improved in various regions of China, there remain issues of development imbalance and instability. In conclusion, this paper offers a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal changes in agricultural sustainability across Chinese provinces, providing valuable insights for policymakers and researchers.

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Marine ranching can help solve the dilemma facing food systems by providing more food for humans under the constraints of resources and the environment. Many marine ranching enterprises have committed to ecological development to help advance the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Little is known, however, about the drivers, initiatives, and performance implications of this behavior. To fill this gap, we conducted case studies of five early movers among marine ranching enterprises in China. These firms took both fishery output and environmental protection into consideration and achieved significant results. We identified six main drivers: “synergistic benefits,” “sustainable business value,” “government incentive and supervision,” “sense of social responsibility,” “environmental pressure,” and “market enforcement.” The main initiatives, meanwhile, were “habitat restoration,” “ecological production,” “science and technology innovation,” “ecological operation,” and “ecological management.” We showed that businesses' ecological development practices can generate synergistic benefits, including economic, environmental, and social benefits. Moreover, based on our key path analysis of early movers' ecological development practices, we developed an ecological development model to illustrate their successful experiences. This model can help guide other businesses toward fulfilling their ecological development commitments.