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A new double vacuum melting route (conventional second refining + vacuum arc refining [CSR + VAR]) with 33% lower production cost than the traditional VIM + VAR route has been tried. Compared with the CSR route, the CSR + VAR route reduces the average inclusion size from 27.1 ± 12.3 μm to 13.7 ± 2.4 μm, and the CSR + VAR steel processes a 13.1% higher rotatory bending fatigue (RBF) fatigue strength (σ À1 ) and a 3-timeslonger RCF L 10 life.The crescent-shaped granular bright facet (GBF) zone, normally found in high-strength steels' very high cycle fatigue regimes beyond 10 7 cycles normally under a much lower stress amplitude, appears around inner inclusions on the CSR + VAR steel RBF fracture surfaces in high cycle fatigue regimes beyond 3 Â 10 5 cycles. The development of GBF zones is estimated to account for 79%-90% of the RBF fatigue life. The average crack propagation rate (da/dN) for GBF zones varies from 1.3 Â 10 À12 m/cycle to 24 Â 10 À12 m/cycle and increases with the stress amplitude.

Objective: It has been demonstrated that schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by functional dysconnectivity involving extensive brain networks. However, the majority of previous studies utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to infer abnormal functional connectivity (FC) in patients with SZ have focused on the linear correlation that one brain region may influence another, ignoring the inherently nonlinear properties of fMRI signals. Approach: In this paper, we present a neural Granger causality (NGC) technique for examining the changes in SZ’s nonlinear causal couplings. We develop static and dynamic NCG-based analyses of large-scale brain networks at several network levels, estimating complicated temporal and causal relationships in SZ patients. Main results: We find that the NGC-based FC matrices can detect large and significant differences between the SZ and healthy control groups at both the regional and subnetwork scales. These differences are persistent and significantly overlapped at various network sparsities regardless of whether the brain networks were built using static or dynamic techniques. In addition, compared to controls, patients with SZ exhibited extensive NGC confusion patterns throughout the entire brain. Significance: These findings imply that the NGC-based FCs may be a useful method for quantifying the abnormalities in the causal influences of patients with SZ, hence shedding fresh light on the pathophysiology of this disorder.

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