The aim of this study is to examine the extended model of Theory of Planned Behaviour in predicting tourists' intention in seeking medical tourism in Malaysia. The additional variables in this model are perceived risks, perceived benefits and resource availability whereby it is predicted to have influences to the model of Theory of Planned Behaviour. Sample is drawn using a quota sampling technique. A total of 380 completed questionnaires are collected. The partial least square approach is employed so as to conduct a comprehensive and vigorous structural equation modelling analysis. The results show that perceived benefits and perceived costs are significantly related to attitude; resource availability is significantly related to perceived behavioural control; and attitude and subjective norm are significantly related to intention for medical tourism in Malaysia; however, the perceived behavioural control is found to be insignificant to intention. Attitude and subjective norm are also significantly related to intention for medical tourism in Malaysia. However, the perceived behavioural control is found to be not insignificant related to intention. The findings of this study can serve as the blueprint for future research in the similar area with reasonable modification on the model construction in order to enhance and improve the theoretical extension model of Theory of Planned Behaviour.

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Purpose Utilizing organizational support theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the mediation effect of perceived organizational support (POS) on the relationship between ethical leadership and citizenship behavior, and investigate the moderating effect of ethnic dissimilarity in the research model. Design/methodology/approach Using a self-administered questionnaire, data were collected from 294 academics of private universities in China, Malaysia and Thailand. The collected data were analyzed using partial least squares path modeling technique on R platform. Findings The study found that ethical leadership is significantly and positively related to POS, which, in turn, related to both distinct dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviors – individual and organization. However, further analysis reveals that ethnic dissimilarity does moderate the hypothesized relationships in the research model, in which POS is found to have a mediation effect in the heterogeneous sample but not in the homogeneous sample in terms of ethnic dissimilarity. Originality/value To the best knowledge of the researchers, this study is among the first few research works examining the interrelationships of ethical leadership, POS, and citizenship behavior in terms of individual and organizational. Moreover, this is one of the earliest studies to examine the concepts in two different samples in terms of ethnic dissimilarity.

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