Nanog, a unique homeobox transcription factor, maintains self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells by binding to nuclear factor κB proteins in order to inhibit their transcriptional and prodifferentiation activities. We previously reported that Nanog attenuated inflammatory responses in rat primary microglia cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. However, the effects of Nanog on another microglia cell type, BV-2 cells, are still unknown. In this study, we investigated whether Nanog attenuated inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells and found that Nanog significantly decreased the release of nitric oxide and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase at the mRNA and protein levels. The production of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β was also significantly inhibited by Nanog. Further, we observed that the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor κB was dramatically reduced by Nanog. These results suggest that Nanog may be a potential anti-inflammatory therapy for neurological diseases caused by persistent microglia activation.

R&D internationalization is an important way for enterprises in emerging economies to achieve technology catch-up and maintain sustainable development. The direct relationship between R&D internationalization and innovation performance has been widely explored, but the research on the influence of the mechanism between these two elements above is relatively less. This paper takes China's knowledge-intensive listed enterprises from 2009 to 2015 as the research object and uses Poisson fixed effect regression, hierarchical regression, and bootstrap methods to study the mechanism of knowledge base between enterprise R&D internationalization and innovation performance and the moderating effects of institutional distance on the mechanism effect. The results show that:(1) Enterprises' innovation performance can be promoted with the increase of R&D internationalization degree and diversity. (2) Knowledge Base (scope and entropy) plays a mechanism function between R&D internationalization and innovation performance. (3) By negatively moderating the relationship between the knowledge base and innovation performance, the institutional distance between home and host country negatively moderates the knowledge base's mechanism function.

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