A protocol using HCl‐acidified 4‐dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) was developed for screening proanthocyanidins (PA) in plants. Individual PA‐containing cells could be observed following staining of decolourised leaves with DMACA. The quantitative assay using DMACA‐HCl to detect soluble PA and butanol–HCl to detect insoluble PA could detect PA content lower than 0·4 mg g−1 dry matter (DM). The DMACA–HCl protocol is recommended for PA detection in low‐PA plants because of its higher sensitivity than vanillin–acid protocols. Twenty‐two forage legume species, most of which had been reported free of leaf PA but bloat‐safe, were re‐examined using the DMACA–HCl protocol. PA‐positive cells were observed in leaves of 15 species. Measurable amounts of PA were detected in leaves of seven species, with the PA content ranging from 0·6 to 11 mg g−1 DM. White clover (Trifolium repensL), red clover (T pratenseL) and lucerne (Medicago sativaL) were also found to have PA‐positive leaf trichomes. By analysis of these data and the literature, the threshold PA content for bloat safety in forage legumes was estimated to be 1–5 mg PA g−1 DM.

The pyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate ([BPy][BF 4 ]), N-hexylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate ([HPy][BF 4 ]), and N-octylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate ([OPy][BF 4 ]) were found to be effective for the selective removal of aromatic heterocyclic sulfur compounds from diesel at room temperature. The results suggested that the structure and size of the cation greatly affect the extractive performance of ILs. The extractive performance using pyridinium-based ILs followed the orderand for the IL, the sulfur removal selectivity of sulfur compounds followed the order thiophene (TS) < benzothiophene (BT) < dibenzothiophene (DBT) under the same conditions. The pyridinium-based ILs would not contaminate the diesel due to their insolubility. On the other hand, diesel has a certain solubility in pyridinium-based ILs, varying from 0.49 wt % for [BPy][BF 4 ] to 1.97 wt % for [OPy][BF 4 ]. According to the results, [HPy][BF 4 ] and [OPy][BF 4 ] might be used as promising solvents for the extractive desulfurization of diesel.

Both systemic and local infections are associated with increased risk of access vein occlusion. We found no support for the hypothesis that venous occlusion increases with the number of leads present. Lead extraction was more difficult in patients with venous occlusion, requiring advanced tools and more time.