<p>The pile-head seismic isolation approach, which installs seismic-isolation apparatus directly on pile heads to omit grade beams in the foundation, is an economical option but has an issue of pile heads rotating during earthquakes, causing the upper and lower flanges to lose parallel alignment. This study conducted life-size static horizontal load tests to clarify the correlation between the flanges’ relative rotation angles and performance, and reflected them in the structural designs for large-scale logistics buildings.</p>
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