Innovation is a multi-varied phenomenon that involves all spheres of technological, economic, and social activity, from research and development to investment, production, and application. In innovation management, the relationship between innovation and efficiency is the key issue. In this report, therefore, we elaborate on a method for measuring efficiency in the innovation process. The core of our concept of efficiency is the link between the efficiency of the production unit that has adopted an innovation (dynamic efficiency) and the efficiency of the entire production field within which production units must act (average efficiency). The development of relative efficiency is connected to differences between basic, improvement-related, and pseudo innovations and to the decision-making environment for managers. Factors influencing innovative activities follow a continuum of efficacy ranging from inhibiting to strongly promoting innovative activities. Looking at the innovation process from the standpoint of the innovating system, we distinguish major determinants of performance and then compare the performance of industrial organizations through a profile showing these determinants in research and development, production, and marketing and in management at all stages.

This article considers the general rise in the digitalization of second language (L2) education in the world in general and in Russia in particular. A concrete study of the various novel game-changing digital products and solutions being offered on the L2 education market is made, followed by an analysis of their effectiveness and impact on this market. A special emphasis is made on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the acceleration of the development and adoption of digital products and solutions in L2 education and training, together with the prospects for further advancements in the field. Further, an investigation is conducted on the increasingly complex requirements for linguistic skills among professionals working in various industries in the Russian Federation and across the world, and on how various economic structures have raised their demand for these competencies against the background of the rapid globalization of industry and commerce at large.

Impact of the introduction of artificial intelligence on Russias economic development under the pandemic conditions