Our results indicate that different cortical reorganization patterns (increases in or focusing of recruitment to the cSMC region) exist in chronic stroke patients after interventions, and patients may choose efficient patterns to improve their motor function.

Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) is a widely used animal model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have previously shown that increased neuropeptide expression is observed in the spinal cord of AIA rats. To study the potential role of cytokines in the spinal cord of AIA, we wanted to determine whether there are changes of glial and cytokine expression (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma) in the spinal cord of AIA rats. Our data indicated that macroglia and MHC class II immunostaining were enhanced, astrocytes expressing GFAP were increased in number and immunostaining intensity. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods, both mRNA and protein levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly increased in the spinal cord of arthritic rats. Increased cytokine expression was presented in the reactive astrocytes and microglia.

The m-CIMT intervention improves the COM displacement in sagittal and frontal plane, as well as gait parameters. These suggest that m-CIMT intervention may be feasible and effective for the rehabilitation of hemiplegic gait. Implications for Rehabilitation Segmental kinematics method was used to estimate the displacement of the COM. m-CIMT interventions improved the COM displacement of patients after stroke. m-CIMT interventions improved the hemiplegic gait parameters.