MCP-1 acts as a paracrine and autocrine factor for CaP growth and invasion.

Azithromycin combined with prednisolone is a better treatment for children with refractory MPP than azithromycin alone.

Background: Breast imaging technology plays an important role in breast cancer planning and treatment. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has become a trending issue in phantom constructions for medical applications, with its advantages of being customizable and cost-efficient. However, there is no current practice in the field of multipurpose breast phantom for quality control (QC) in multi-modalities imaging. The purpose of this study was to fabricate a multipurpose breast phantom with tissue-equivalent materials via a 3D printing technique for QC in multi-modalities imaging. Methods: We used polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based materials and a 3D printing technique to construct a breast phantom. The phantom incorporates structures imaged in the female breast such as microcalcifications, fiber lesions, and tumors with different sizes. Moreover, the phantom was used to assess the sensitivity of lesion detection, depth resolution, and detectability thresholds with different imaging modalities. Phantom tissue equivalent properties were determined using computed tomography (CT) attenuation [Hounsfield unit (HU)] and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxation times. Results: The 3D-printed breast phantom had an average background value of 36.2 HU, which is close to that of glandular breast tissue (40 HU). T1 and T2 relaxation times had an average relaxation time of 206.81±17.50 and 20.22±5.74 ms, respectively. Mammographic imaging had improved detection of microcalcification compared with ultrasound and MRI with multiple sequences [T1WI, T2WI and short inversion time inversion recovery (STIR)]. Soft-tissue lesion detection and cylindrical tumor contrast were superior with mammography and MRI compared to ultrasound. Hemispherical tumor detection was similar regardless of the imaging modality used. Conclusions: We developed a multipurpose breast phantom using a 3D printing technique and determined its value for multi-modal breast imaging studies.

We studied the diagnostic value of Cdx2 to distinguish mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma from mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the lung. We retrieved 92 via the hospital computer system, including 30 mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, 32 nonmucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, and 30 mucinous colorectal adenocarcinomas metastatic to the lung. All cases were confirmed by clinical history and surgical resection with occasional immunohistochemical studies. Cases were stained with antibodies against Cdx2, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), cytokeratin (CK) 7, and CK20. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, mucinous type, showed positive staining for Cdx2, TTF-1, CK7, and CK20 in 0 (0%), 5 (17%), 30 (100%), and 18 (60%) of 30 cases, respectively; nonmucinous tumors were positive in 0 (0%), 30 (94%), 32 (100%), and 0 (0%) of 32 cases, respectively. For colorectal adenocarcinoma, the positive staining for Cdx-2, TTF-1, CK7, and CK20 was 29 (97%), 0 (0%), 7 (23%), and 29 (97%) of 30 cases, respectively. Our results demonstrated Cdx2 as a sensitive and specific marker for differentiating metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma from mucinous bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma.