Operando spectroelectrochemistry is employed to identify the electrochemical water oxidation reaction kinetics on metallic nickel in comparison with nickel oxyhydroxide. The nickel oxide on metallic nickel shows a spectroelectrochemical feature of the active species similar to the nickel oxyhydroxide during water oxidation. This amorphous oxide on the surface of metallic nickel is a crucial catalyst exhibiting a higher water oxidation activity in both rate constants and turnover frequency than the electrodeposited nickel oxyhydroxide by 3-fold for water oxidation, using a population-based rate-law analysis. These surface characterization and kinetic results reveal the underlying mechanism of the higher water oxidation efficiency of nickel oxide derived from metallic nickel than that of the electrodeposited nickel oxyhydroxide. These results also emphasize the importance of surface oxidized nickel, in terms of the structural and chemical consideration, for the optimization of electrodes toward efficient water oxidation using nickel or nickel-containing materials.

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With exercise being more frequently utilized in treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a systematic review of the intervention efficacy of exercise on OSA is necessary. PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, VIP, and CNKI databases were searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise applied to OSA from January 2000 to January 2022. The literature screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment of included studies were conducted independently by two reviewers. Meta-analysis was then performed using Rev Man 5.4 software. A total of 9 RCTs were included, including 444 patients. Compared with the control group, exercise made an improvement in apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) [MD = −6.65, 95% CI (−7.77, −5.53), p < 0.00001], minimum oxygen saturation (SaO2min%) [MD = 1.67, 95% CI (0.82, 2.52), p = 0.0001], peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) [SMD = 0.54, 95% CI (0.31, 0.78), p < 0.00001], Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) [MD = −2.08, 95% CI (−3.95, −0.21), p = 0.03], and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) values [MD = −1.64, 95% CI, (−3.07, −0.22), p = 0.02]. However, there were no significant changes in body mass index (BMI). As for the results of subgroup analysis, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise [MD = −7.36, 95% CI (−8.64, −6.08), p < 0.00001] had a better effect on AHI reduction than aerobic exercise alone [MD = −4.36, 95% CI (−6.67, −2.06), p = 0.0002]. This systematic review demonstrates that exercise reduces the severity of OSA with no changes in BMI, and the effect of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training is better than aerobic exercise alone in AHI reduction. Exercise also improves cardiopulmonary fitness, sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness.

This study employed operando spectroelectrochemical l and photoelectrochemical methods to investigate the charge carrier dynamics of photogenerated holes in hematite for ethanol oxidation and its possible over‐oxidation. Ethanol oxidation was found to form acetaldehyde with around 100 % initial selectivity and faradaic efficiency. The overoxidation of acetaldehyde was suppressed by being unable to kinetically compete with ethanol oxidation in terms of turnover frequency by a factor of ten. Temperature‐dependent rate law analyses were applied to determine the activation energies of these two oxidations. For the ethanol oxidation, the activation energy was 195 meV, compared to 398 meV for acetaldehyde oxidation. These results were correlated with the valence band potential to elucidate the advantage of using hematite for safer and sustainable value‐added aldehyde synthesis compared to the industrial method. The dynamics of ethanol oxidation also addressed the challenges in broad‐spectrum deep oxidation of organic compounds in water purification using metal oxides.