The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was analyzed from five species of the subfamily Caprinae; Naemorhedus caudatus, N. goral, Capra hircus, Capricornis swinhoei, and Capricornis crispus. Among these species, the control region ranged from 1,096 to 1,212 bp in length. Our results were compatible with the scheme of three domains (ETAS, Central, and CSB) within the control region. A + T < G + C was observed in all the domains. In the Korean gorals, of the 31 variable sites in the whole control region resulting in 15 haplotypes, 27 variable sites were in the ETAS domain. We found two to three tandem repeat in all five species examined in this study, three in N. caudatus and N. goral, two in Capra hircus and C. crispus, and one in C. swinhoei, respectively. All of these repeat units include two short sections of mirror symmetry (TACAT and ATGTA). Short mirror symmetries were well-resolved among five different species, although left domain has high substitution rates. By Kimura's two parameter method, the genetic distances between the genera Naemorhedus and Capricornis were calculated and divergence time between Naemorhedus and Capricornis may be nearly 2Myr.

The main goals of this study were to isolate microsatellites markers of Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) and understand the genetic status of the species in South Korea. Twelve new microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized to establish basic population genetic parameters for 45 H. i. argyropus specimens in South Korea. There were no significant regional or genetic structure differences between the mid-eastern and southwestern populations in South Korea according to the population genetic analyses. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 13 with an average of 6.08. Mean expected (HE) and observed heterozygosity (HO) were 0.622 and 0.533, respectively. Microsatellite variability was also not significant between the two regions (FST=0.012). These new markers should facilitate the future population genetics studies of Korean water deer and other closely related species.

The Korean hare, Lepus coreanus, is an important mammal in ecosystem food chains, and is distributed across the entire Korean peninsula and northeastern China. Polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using the biotinenrichment technique for use in population genetics studies. Five trinucleotide and four dinucleotide microsatellite loci were selected and tested on 22 Korean hare specimens collected from Gangwon Province and Gyeongsangbuk Province in South Korea. The number of alleles across the two sampling regions ranged from three to nine with a mean of 6.1. Mean observed and expected heterozygosities and polymorphic information content were 0.540, 0.627 and 0.579, respectively. Only one locus, Lc06, showed departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after applying the Bonferroni correction. Four microsatellites, Lc01, Lc03, Lc12, and Lc19, satisfied the criteria to serve as a core set of markers recommended for population genetics studies. These new microsatellite markers will be widely applicable to future genetic studies for management and conservation of the Korean hare and related species, including assessment of the genetic diversity and population structure of L. coreanus.

No abstract

This study aims to examine the effect of perceived risk on the online shopping website on consumers' behavioral intentions in order to examine the influence of consumers' psychological and behavioral changes on online shopping websites after Covid-19. In particular, the perceived risk was divided into information exposure risk, functional risk, and social risk, and the effect on the purchase intention and decision-making process of products and services through online shopping were examined. In this relationship, the purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating effect of materialism, which is a consumer's tendency to influence the motives of purchasing products through online. As a result of the multiple regression analysis, information exposure risk and functional risk did not statistically. In the case of social risk, the purchase intention of online shopping websites is appeared in consumers with high materialism. These results show that the more materialistic propensity to feel that owning and acquiring materials is success and happiness offsets social risks, increasing purchase intention for online shopping websites. The results of this study will provide guidelines for managers and start-ups in terms of management.