Paraquat (PQ), has been used in many countries for controlling weed growth in agriculture because of its quick-acting and nonselective contact with green plant tissue.

A semicontinuous gold layer on a template with a zigzag structure has been demonstrated to be a highly sensitive substrate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Obliquely deposited gold layers on different templates yield different SERS strengths. In this work, a finite-difference time-domain method is utilized to analyze the electric field distribution within the gold layer when the film is illuminated by light. The random gold nanostructures are scanned and transformed into binary images to allow them to be simulated. The field intensities and SERS enhancement factors of different samples are calculated and compared. Our analysis results reveal the near-field characteristics of strong SERS and agree closely with experimental measurements.

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In this study AISI H13 steel was treated with oxynitriding, CrN coating, and CrN coated with oxynitriding to investigate the molten loss for melting A380 aluminum alloy and wear resistance. The experimental results indicate that the minimum melting loss appeared in duplex surface treatments of CrN coated with oxynitriding after a 3 h erosive test. Weight loss was only 0.8%; however the untreated specimen was 3.2%. In addition, all specimens following the different surface treatments, showed a higher wear resistance after the wear test. The untreated specimen showed obvious traces of plough cracks. Conversely, other surface treated specimens experienced very shallow wear. This result shows that the wear resistance of AISI H13 can be effectively improved by performing various surface treatments. The lowest coefficient of friction also appeared in the duplex surface treatment of CrN coated with oxynitriding. The average value of frictional coefficient was 0.28.