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The fossil leaves and associated infructescences from Maoming probably belong to the same plant. The occurrence of fossil leaves similar to those of extant species previously considered within Semiliquidambar and Liquidambar with the associated infructescences close to those of Altingia provide paleobotanical evidence that justifies combining the genera Liquidambar, Altingia, and Semiliquidambar into the single genus Liquidambar as recently proposed based on molecular markers.

Owing to the absence of hypotheses of the underlying distributions of the data and the strong generation ability, the k -nearest neighbor (kNN) classification algorithm is widely used to face recognition, text classification, emotional analysis, and other fields. However, kNN needs to compute the similarity between the unlabeled instance and all the training instances during the prediction process; it is difficult to deal with large-scale data. To overcome this difficulty, an increasing number of acceleration algorithms based on data partition are proposed. However, they lack theoretical analysis about the effect of data partition on classification performance. This paper has made a theoretical analysis of the effect using empirical risk minimization and proposed a large-scale k -nearest neighbor classification algorithm based on neighbor relationship preservation. The process of searching the nearest neighbors is converted to a constrained optimization problem. Then, it gives the estimation of the difference on the objective function value under the optimal solution with data partition and without data partition. According to the obtained estimation, minimizing the similarity of the instances in the different divided subsets can largely reduce the effect of data partition. The minibatch k -means clustering algorithm is chosen to perform data partition for its effectiveness and efficiency. Finally, the nearest neighbors of the test instance are continuously searched from the set generated by successively merging the candidate subsets until they do not change anymore, where the candidate subsets are selected based on the similarity between the test instance and cluster centers. Experiment results on public datasets show that the proposed algorithm can largely keep the same nearest neighbors and no significant difference in classification accuracy as the original kNN classification algorithm and better results than two state-of-the-art algorithms.

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