Distigmine bromide (distigmine), a reversible carbamate cholinesterase inhibitor, is used in Japan for treating detrusor underactivity, myasthenia gravis, and glaucoma. Although there is clinical evidence about the effectiveness of distigmine in the treatment of detrusor underactivity, mechanisms by which distigmine restores impaired urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) contractility have not been fully investigated. The aims of this study were to investigate the potentiating effects of distigmine on UBSM contractions in response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in mice. In isolated mouse UBSM, EFS (1-16 Hz) produced tetrodotoxin-sensitive, frequency-dependent contractions. The contractile responses to EFS were largely attenuated by atropine (10^-6 mol/l). UBSM contractility that occurred in the presence of atropine was nearly eliminated by the addition of α,β-methylene adenosine triphosphate (α,β-mATP, 10^-4 mol/l). Distigmine (3 × 10^-7 mol/l) significantly potentiated EFS-induced contractile responses engendered in the presence of α,β-mATP (10^-4 mol/l), but not atropine (10^-6 mol/l). These findings indicate that distigmine powerfully potentiates UBSM contractions selectively induced by parasympathetic nerve-derived acetylcholine, thereby demonstrating a potential mechanism by which it stimulates detrusor contractile function.

No abstract

Eotetranychus kankitus (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important pest of citrus. Assessing life history parameters is crucial to developing an ecologically sound pest management program. Of the many factors that affect life history parameters of herbivorous insects and mites, temperature has the greatest influence on development rate and reproductive potential. We investigated the effects of temperatures from 15 to 40 °C on the demographic parameters of E. kankitus under a long-day (16:8 (L:D) h) photoperiod. The egg-to-adult development time of E. kankitus decreased as the temperature increased from 15 to 32.5 °C. At 35 °C, the female laid eggs that died at the larval stage. The estimated lower thermal thresholds (t0) were 11.01 and 10.48 °C, and the thermal constants (K) were 190.67 and 188.63 degree-days for egg-to-adult females and egg-to-adult males, respectively. The intrinsic optimal temperatures (TØ) for development were 21.79 and 21.74 °C, respectively. The bootstrap-match technique was used in the construction of the life table paramaters. The net reproductive rate (R0) decreased as temperature increased from 20 to 30 °C, but the lowest rate was observed at 15 °C. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) increased from 0.0299 day−1 at 15 °C to 0.1822 day−1 at 30 °C. These findings provide a critical theoretical basis for predicting the occurrence of E. kankitus populations under climate warming and for developing appropriate control strategies.