The present article is a literature review on etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, conservative and surgical treatment of chyloperitoneum in newborns. Chyloperitoneum is an extremely rare pathology in children and, not in all cases it is possible to find its cause. The management protocol for chyloperitoneum has not been developed. The most effective approach for managing this disease is a starvation pause, than transfer to full parenteral nutrition, administration of somatostatin (octreotide) and drainage of the abdominal cavity. Conservative therapy may take several months and, its effectiveness reaches 60-100%. Surgical treatment is aimed to indentify a focus of lymph leakage and its elimination; in severe cases, the fibrin glue is used.

The article presents a clinical case of treating a newborn with the large cystic formation of the spleen. Indications for the operation were volume formation of more than 5 cm, a threat of rupture of the cyst with subsequent bleeding. Laparoscopic fenestration of the spleen cyst with a favorable outcome was performed.

Intraoperative infusion in newborns and premature infants is a very important part of anesthesia, which affects the course and long-term results of the surgical treatment. The purpose of the infusion therapy in these children is to maintain normovolemia, adequate oxygen supply to tissues, normalization of the acid-base state, electrolyte balance and normoglycemia. In most cases, the maintenance of hemodynamics in newborns and premature infants requires the use of large amounts of crystalloid preparations, which in turn, due to their physical and chemical properties, lead to additional changes in the neurohumoral status of the child. Therefore, at the present stage of anesthesiology more and more works are devoted to the experience of using balanced solutions containing carriers of reserve alkalinity. The influence of such solutions on the electrolyte balance and acid-base state is evaluated. A separate issue is concerned with the intraoperative need for glucose in newborn infants, the dosing of glucose in anesthesia, and the percentage of glucose in the solutions used. Correction of all pathophysiological disorders inevitably occurring in the immature body of a newborn, especially a premature baby, is the most important factor for achieving the optimal therapeutic effect.