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Groundwater and its geological functions are closely related to human life and economic construction. The quality of groundwater is of great significance for maintaining the development of the national economy and the daily life of residents in the region. Understanding the chemical characteristics and genesis mechanism of groundwater in a certain area is helpful to provide important basis for the sustainable development of groundwater resources in this area. This study is mainly aimed at the Yiluo Basin, a piedmont basin in the western part of Henan Province. According to the chemical composition of shallow groundwater, the study area was systematically analyzed by using ionic scale coefficient, Piper three-line diagram, Kriging interpolation method and Shukarev classification. Finally, the hydrogeochemical simulation software PHREEQC was used to study the reverse hydrogeochemical simulation of fluoride ions in groundwater, and the simulation results were analyzed and discussed, revealing the existence state of ions in shallow groundwater.