Abstrak: Penerapan Alat Peraga Benda Konkrit Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Penjumlahan Dan Pengurangan Matematika. Tujuan  diadakannya penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mengoprasionalkan penjumlahan dan pengurangan pada mata pelajaran Matematika melalui alat peraga media konkrit peserta didik kelas I.B SD Negeri 35 Palembang. Mengingat dalam penelitian tindakan kelas ini peneliti adalah guru kelas I.B SD Negeri 35 Palembang. Maka subyeknya adalah peserta didik yakni peserta didik kelas I.B SD Negeri 35 Palembang semester ganjil tahun pelajaran 2017/2018 yang terdiri dari 29 peserta didik ditambah seorang kolaborator sebagai observer dalam kegiatan pembelajaran.  Ketuntasan belajar meningkat dari pra siklus,  siklus I  ke siklus II yaitu masing-masing 51,72%, 63,33% dan 86,21%. Pada siklus II ketuntasan belajar peserta didik secara klasikal telah tercapai dan mengalami peningkatan yang sangat baik. Kata Kunci: Matematika, Media Benda Konkrit

This study aims to determine the effectiveness and differences of puzzle and block games on improving children's socio-emotional at PAUD Mbah Ceria Medan during the Covid-19 Pandemic. This type of research is a quasi-experimental design using pretest - posttest. The research population was all of Mbah Ceria's PAUD students, totaling 75 children. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a total sample of 22 children. The data collection method used a child's social emotional checklist sheet with the scale used was the rating scale. Analysis of research data shows that (1) Puzzle games are effective in increasing children's socio-emotional at PAUD Mbah Ceria Medan during the COVID-19 Pandemic with an N-Gain Score of 0.4709; the effective contribution of X1 to Y is 47.1% (2) The game of blocks is effective for improving the social and emotional of children at PAUD Mbah Ceria Medan during the COVID-19 Pandemic with an N – Gain Score of 0.4800; the effective contribution of X2 to Y is 48.0% (3) There is a difference in the effectiveness of Puzzle and Block Games on children's socio-emotional improvement in PAUD Mbah Ceria Medan during the COVID-19 Pandemic, where the difference in the N - Gain Score of Puzzles and Blocks is 0.0091.

BACKGROUND: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play important roles in human, including drug metabolism. CYP2 is the largest family of human CYP, with its sequence comprising almost one third of all CYP sequences, and responsible for the metabolism of approximately 2% of clinically administrated drugs. One of the most important enzymes in this family is the CYP2C19 enzyme. The CYP2C19 gene is polymorphic, and the variation is common especially in the Asian population.CONTENT: CYP2C19 is responsible for the metabolism of various drugs, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole and lansoprazole, psychotropic drugs including diazepam and imipramine, anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital and mephenytoin. and the recently most studied the anti-platelet drug, clopidogrel, and many others. Drugs metabolized predominantly by this enzyme like clopidogrel and PPIs might be much affected by the genotype status of CYP2C19. Clopidogrel is a pro-drug requiring a group of enzymes to convert to its active form, particularly the CYP2C19. PPIs are metabolized to its inactive metabolites mainly by CYP2C19 in the liver. Some PPIs are inhibitor of CYP2C19 enzymes, and interaction of PPIs and clopidogrel has been widely studied.SUMMARY: The association of CYP2C19 genotypes with the plasma level of active clopidogrel and platelet reactivity in individual taking this drug is well-established. Although conflicting results still exist for the association of CYP2C19 genotypes to the clinical outcomes of clopidogrel therapy, this effect seems to be consistent in patients receiving clopidogrel for coronary stents. Due to the interaction of certain PPIs and clopidogrel, the use of PPIs other than omeprazole is recommended, especially for patients taking dual anti platelet therapy of clopidogrel and aspirin.KEYWORDS: pharmacogenetics, CYP2C19, proton pump inhibitors, clopidogrel