The COP-NLR is able to predict postoperative survival of patients with GC and classify such patients into three independent groups before surgery.

No abstract

Carboxylesterase 2 (CES2), which is a member of the serine hydrolase superfamily, is primarily expressed in the human small intestine, where it plays an important role in the metabolism of ester-containing drugs. Therefore, to facilitate continued progress in ester-containing drug development, it is crucial to evaluate how CES2-mediated hydrolysis influences its intestinal permeability characteristics. Human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells have long been widely used in drug permeability studies as an enterocyte model. However, they are not suitable for ester-containing drug permeability studies due to the fact that Caco-2 cells express CES1 (which is not expressed in human enterocytes) but do not express CES2. To resolve this problem, we created a new Caco-2 cell line carrying the human small intestine-type CES expression profile. We began by introducing short-hairpin RNA for CES1 mRNA knockdown into Caco-2 cells to generate CES1-decifient Caco-2 cells (Caco-2 cells). Then, we developed Caco-2 cells that stably express CES2 (CES2/Caco-2 cells) and their control Mock/Caco-2 cells. The results of a series of functional expression experiments confirmed that CES2-specific activity, along with CES2 mRNA and protein expression, were clearly detected in our CES2/Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, we also confirmed that CES2/Caco-2 cells retained their tight junction formation property as well as their drug efflux transporter functions. Collectively, based on our results clearly showing that CES2/Caco-2 cells carry the human intestinal-type CES expression profile, while concomitantly retaining their barrier properties, it can be expected that this cell line will provide a promising in vitro model for ester-containing drug permeability studies.

No abstract

Anal fistulae are commonly seen in the coloproctology clinic, but special attention to similar conditions associated with malignant disease is needed.