1,2‐Addition reactions using organoboron compounds are one of the useful syntheses of various functionalized alcohols, but they generally require a large quantity of bases. In this study, we attempted to solve this problem by synthesizing unsymmetrical 1,3‐diarylimidazoline‐type N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐coordinated C^C* cyclometalated palladium(II) complexes with bridging hydroxide ligands (CYPOHs) in two steps and one pot from the corresponding Cl bridged dimer and using them as catalysts. 2,6‐di(pentan‐3‐yl)aniline (IPent)‐based NHC coordinated PhS‐IPent‐CYPOH acted as a highly efficient catalyst for the 1,2‐addition of (hetero)arylboronates to a large number of aldehydes and ketones, including unactivated ketones, under base‐free conditions.
The synthesis of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols by the 1,2‐addition of arylboronic acids or boronates to carbonyl compounds, including unactivated ketones, using novel bulky yet flexible N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐coordinated 2,6‐di(pentan‐3‐yl)aniline (IPent)‐based cyclometallated palladium complexes (CYPs) as catalysts is reported. The PhS‐IPent‐CYP‐catalyzed reactions are efficient at low catalyst loadings (0.02–0.3 mol% Pd), and the exceptional catalytic activity for 1,2‐addition is attributed to the steric bulk of the NHC ligand. These reactions can yield a wide range of functionalized benzylic alcohols that are difficult to synthesize by classical protocols using highly active organomagnesium or lithium reagents.
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-coordinated cyclometallated palladium complex (CYP) catalyzed (hetero)aryl addition of chloral hydrate using (hetero)arylboroxines, providing a new approach to 1-(hetero)aryl-2,2,2-trichloroethanols.
Based on shock wave theory one of the authors derived the criterion of the micro-crack nucleation, namely the micro-crack nucleation is caused by the jump of the velocity along the intersected crossing line between two different stationary discontinuity bands characterized by vanishing velocity of an acceleration wave. In the previous paper, to consider dependence of the progress of ductile fracture of crystal solids on crystal orientations, the algorithm of acoustic tensors derived from the proposed model was built into finite element crystal plasticity model (FEPM) and the progresses of the ductile fracture in FCC bi-crystal and tri-crystal were analyzed. Then, the role of the crystal orientation and the grain boundary in the trigger of the transcrystalline fracture or intercrystalline fracture in the bi-crystal and also the role of the grain-boundary triple junction in the trigger of the ductile fracture in the tri-crystal were studied. In the present paper, the dependence of the ductile fracture progress on the grain-boundary is examined due to the FCC tri-crystal model consisted with 3 grains which are chacterized by single slip system, in-plane 4 slip systems and out-of-plane 4 slip systems.
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