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Two hundred and nine hybrid seedlings developed by crossing Nertchinsk × M.9, Osman × Heyer 12, and Nertchinsk × M.26 were evaluated since 1970 in Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Horticultural Research and Development center (HRDC), Quebec. Canada. `McIntosh' was used as the scion. Seven of these rootstocks obtained from crossing `Nertchinsk' with M.9 and M.26 were found to be winter hardy, disease resistant, dwarfing, with good yield efficiency and easier to propagate than O.3 under North Eastern Central Canada climate. O3A, a mutation of O.3 (Ottawa 3) was also added to the advanced lines and evaluated along with seven rootstocks in replicated trials compared to M.26, M.9, M.111 and O.3 in four locations during 1995–2002. These seven rootstocks (SJM15, SJM44, SJM127, SJM150, SJM167, SJM188, SJM189, along with O3A are being released for commercial evaluation.

Additional index words. Malus •domestica, fruit breeding, winter hardy, antioxidant, long shelf life ÔSJCA38R6A74' (Malus •domestica Borkh.) is a new high-quality cultivar with improved firmness, crispness, and much longer shelf life than ÔMcIntosh' and ÔCortland'. The fruit has superior flavor and does not abscise at maturity. The flesh is juicy, firm, crisp, and resistant to bruising. Flesh resists browning, making it an excellent candidate for fresh fruit slices, fruit salad, dried apple chips, and processing (juice, cider). The trademark ÔEden' is used for sale, distribution, and marketing (www.inspection.

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