Fungal mycelia can alter their organizational pattern in such ways as to produce alternative phenotypes. The latter allow mycelia to explore for, assimilate, conserve, and redistribute resources in spatially and temporally heterogeneous niches. It is suggested that mycelia produce alternative phenotypes by operating as nonlinear (feedback regulated), hydrodynamic systems with indefinitely expandable (indeterminate) boundaries. As such, mycelia can vary the resistances of hyphal envelopes to deformation and passage of molecules, and of hyphal interiors to displacement of contents, in accord with fortuitous local circumstances. Within the mycelial protoplasm are populations of nuclei and mitochondria. If disparate in genetic content or expression, these organelles can form diverse and unstable relationships that both influence and arc influenced by metabolic processes affecting the hydraulic resistances of hyphae. Some of these processes may be autocatalytic, involving the generation, association and dissociation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Once initiated, such processes are beyond immediate genetic control. Fungal mycelia therefore epitomize the complex interplays between adaptive (genetic) and nonadaptive (organizational) processes that regulate the short term versatility and long term evolutionary divergence of indeterminate systems.RCsumC : Les mycClium fongiques peuvent altCrer leur patron organisationnel de f a~o n 2 produire des phenotypes alternatifs. Ces derniers permettent au mycClium d'explorer, d'assimiler, de conserver et de redistribuer les ressources dans des niches spatialement et temporellement hCtCrogbnes. On suggbre que les mycCliums produisent des phCnotypes alternatifs en agissant comme des systbmes hydrodynamiques non-1inCaires (rCglCs par retroaction) avec des frontibres illimitCes (indCterminCes). Dans ce cadre, les mycCliums peuvent varier les rksistances des enveloppes des hyphes selon le passage et la deformation des molCcules, et de llintCrieur des hyphes selon le dCplacement des contenus, en concordance avec les circonstances locales fortuites. Dans le protoplasme mycelien, on trouve des populations de noyaux et de mitochondries. S'ils sont disparates quant au contenu gCnCtique ou h son expression, ces organelles peuvent former des relations diverses et stables qui, a la fois, influencent et sont influencCes par les processus mCtaboliques affectant la rCsistance hydraulique des hyphes. Certains de ces processus peuvent Ctre autocatalytiques, impliquant la gCnCration, l'association et la dissociation des radicaux libres et les espgces d'oxygbne riactifs. Une fois amorqCs, de tels processus Cchappent au contr8le gCnCtique immCdiat. Les mycCliums fongiques rCsument donc les interactions complexes entre les processus adaptatifs (gCnCtique) et non-adaptatifs (organisationnel) qui rbglent la versatilit6 i court terme et, h long terme, la divergence Cvolutive des systbmes indCterminCs.
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