This research paper aims to elucidate the synergistic outcomes resulting from the integration of functional literacy initiatives with the objective of promoting women's empowerment in the District of Mardan. The research adopts a quantitative approach, with the primary objective of investigating the influence of functional literacy on women's empowerment and exploring its direct effects. The population of the study consisted of all five hundred female individuals enrolled in the functional literacy program in District Mardan. Hundred females were conveniently chosen from two union councils as a sample. In order to examine the data, descriptive statistics i.e. average and variability measured by the standard deviation were utilized. The results were tabulated along with corresponding interpretations. The primary outcome of the study indicated that knowledge of functional literacy positively influenced the lives of participants. Moreover, the research findings emphasized the crucial contribution of organizations in promoting women's empowerment through the facilitation of functional literacy. In order to build upon these discoveries, it is advised that future investigations delve into the incorporation of novel and advancing technologies like artificial intelligence and virtual reality within functional literacy initiatives. This exploration holds the potential for amplifying the influence of such programs on women's empowerment.

This article explores laws related to the protection of, and challenges to, consumer rights in the UK after its peoples’ decision to withdraw from the European Union (EU, henceforth) in 2016. Consumer protection laws are formulated and enacted to safeguard consumers from illegal and deceitful behavior of traders and salesmen, etc., and provide buyers with a range of legal guarantees and protections. These laws deal with a number of issues such as the safety of the products used by citizens, criminalize not only false advertising, but also excessive pricing, and breach of contract terms. In the UK, the main piece of consumer protection legislation is the Consumer Rights Act 2015. However, despite the existence of consumer protection laws and regulations, problems still occur, and consumers can still fall victim to fraudulent or unethical business practices. Therefore, it is important for consumers to be informed about their rights and to be vigilant in protecting themselves from scams and other forms of consumer fraud. Additionally, consumer protection is an issue that is constantly evolving as new technologies and business models emerge. For example, the rise of e-commerce and online marketplaces has created new challenges for consumer protection, as consumers may not always know who they are buying from or how to resolve disputes with online sellers. Keywords: Consumer Rights, UNO Guided Principles for consumer protection, Consumer rights and UK Legal System.

The article examines the links between corruption and development in the developing world. There is a close relationship between corruption and development, which is why ending corruption needs to be at the core of any developmental agenda for the least developed countries (henceforth LCDs). Moreover, this article includes a discussion on the causes, scope, and impact of corruption on the state and society in the LCDs. As there is a lack of oversight, transparency, central guidance and direction, coupled with institutional deficiencies and incompetence, there is a tendency towards predatory, rentier state in the LDCs. Besides this, there exists a kind of shadow state in the LDCs as corruption leads to the emergence of an informal economy. Furthermore, this article explores the detrimental effects of corruption on equality in society, investment in the public as well private sectors, and on the state budget. Finally, this articles not only sheds lights on the internal ecology of corruption and its external repercussions, but also points out some mechanism whereby corruption can be combated and contained. Keywords: Corruption, causes of corruption, reasons behind corruption, measures to stop Corruption.

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This paper intends to examine public secondary school head teachers competencies and their influence on teacher’s instructional decisions as well the overall school culture. This research paper endeavor to unravel secondary school principal’s managerial competencies and their influence on the performance of secondary school principals and such influence will help to stimulate and transform sophisticated school environment that will make strengthen student’s cognitive, affective as well psychomotor domains. Current study will cover following objective: “To determine the effectiveness of head teacher’s managerial skills on teacher’s academic performance at secondary school level”. Research design utilized for this study is of descriptive qualitative nature. Respondents of the study were secondary school principals/head Masters and secondary school teachers. Population of this research composed of all the 83 females’ secondary and 37 higher secondary schools. Sample of the study extracted from the population were 60 principals/ head masters and 120 secondary school teachers. Through proper consultation the researchers developed data collection instrument titled: “Principals’ Managerial Skills Scale”. Mean, Standard deviation was employed as a statistical data analysis tools. Data analysis was followed by conclusion to render realistic recommendations for the establishment of sophisticated school management.