The Stetter reaction is actually a special CÀ C bond forming reaction through a 1,4-addition reaction in the presence of nucleophilic catalyst. It involves a reaction between aldehydes and Michael acceptors catalyzed by Nheterocyclic carbenes (NHC's) leading to preparation of 1,4dicarbonyl compounds via carbon-carbon bond formation. It offers a powerful approach to access 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds which are significant starting materials and inter-mediates in the synthesis of several heterocyclic systems, and bioactive heterocyclic framework which are present in natural products. In this review we try to underscore the recent advances in Stetter reaction and its applications from 2015 till date. Notably, we focused on the applications of Stetter reaction in the synthesis of various heterocyclic systems and total synthesis of natural products, which have largely been overlooked, previously.

In this review, we aim to highlight the synthesis of indoles as a moiety in selected alkaloids.

Background: Constipation is one of the most common Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms among children. The present study aimed to identify the demographic and clinical characteristics of the children suffering from constipation. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 987 children with constipation in Fars province from March 2015 to March 2016. The study data were collected in the pediatric GI clinic affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, mean, and standard deviation (SD). Results: More than 40% of the cases who referred to the pediatric GI clinic were suffering from constipation. Totally, 987 [495 females (50.2%) and 492 males (49.8%)] out of the 1000 children with constipation met the inclusion criteria. The remaining 13 children were

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