Copolymerization of o-aminophenol (o-AP) and p-aminophenol (p-AP) in aqueous sulfuric acid solution was electrochemically performed using cyclic voltammetry on gold electrode. Copolymerization was carried out at different feed concentrations of homo monomers. The obtained films were characterized with cyclic voltammetry, in situ resistivity measurements, in situ UV-Vis-spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry study shows that the onset potentials for o-AP, p-AP and o-AP + p-AP are located at the different values. The results from the electrochemical copolymerization of o-AP with p-AP demonstrate that the CVs of copolymers films growth are different from those of homopolymers, and are strongly affected by the amount of monomers. The in situ resistivity of copolymers measured from −0.20 V to 0.95 V vs. SCE decreased with increasing the [o-AP]/[p-AP] concentration ratio. In situ UV-visible and ex situ FT-IR spectra of homopolymers and copolymers results show intermediate spectroscopic behavior between homopolymers and copolymers. SEM micrographs of the samples show fundamental differences between the morphology of the homo-and copolymers.

Background: humans are always trying to improve the lives and comfort, and in this way with the acquisition of materials, equipment, devices and technology as well as the additional and new risks exposure. Identification of these risks could have a role in reducing complications. PHA method implementation can help to identify and classify the risks and the events. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kermanshah Oil Refinery. The most important tools used in the study preliminary risk analysis, is risk checklist. In this regard, valuable resources are identified and listed, and then the acceptable risk levels and the scope of the assessment were defined. In the next phase, the system hazards were identification, and levels and numbers of risks were calculated. Results: This study examined 23 refinery units, and a total of 447 risks were identified. The results showed that unacceptable risk levels with 6.4% and the adverse risk levels with 49.22% was lowest and highest risk percent, respectively. The highest number of risk associated with the refining unit with 81 and the lowest was in the Electrical warehouse unit with 2 cases. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that were the most of risks identified in the adverse levels. To reduce risk level and improve safety, the use of appropriate methods and corrective measures to eliminate, reduce or control risks is essential.

Introduction: Ergonomic factors can increase the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the ergonomic variables on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders between the urban and out of urban drivers in Ilam province. Materials and Methods: The population studied in this research including 251 peoples of the urban and out of urban drivers in Ilam province in [2007][2008]. The different variables such as driving state, seat position, driver cab condition, the diameter of the steering wheel, steering angle to the horizon and etc were examined. Data analysis was conducted by statistical methods (SPSS-16 and x2 test) and the p-value of 0.05 was used as significant. Results:The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the slope of the pedals, the height of steering wheel, seat position, availability of the driver cab, steering angle, the use of driver back protector with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the spinal pain due to the driving (p<0.05). Conclusions: Recognition of many factors in design of equipment of driver cab to create the safe environment for drivers is necessary. Therefore, the condition around of driver in car should be identified and so design that driver feeling comfort and relax on duty.