Objective: To describe the pattern and appropriateness of antibiotics prescribed in the emergency room in a major secondary care hospital in Bahrain. Methods:Patients aged more than or equal to 14 years old that attended emergency room and was prescribed antibiotics from 1 to 31 July 2014 were included. Data were obtained from patients' emergency records. Antibiotic treatment was classified to appropriate, inappropriate or unjustified use according to the local or international guidelines. Chi Square was performed to evaluate the variables associated to appropriateness antibiotic treatment.Results: A total of 1313 patients were included (52.6% males), mostly in the age group 14-30 years old (45.3%). The most frequent diseases attended were upper respiratory and urinary tract infections (27.3% and 22.1%,respectively). Cefuroxime was the most prescribed antibiotic (37.5%) followed by ciprofloxacin (20.8%). Percentage of inappropriate antibiotics prescription was 81.9% mostly due to unjustified use. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment was significantly more common in males (87.1%; P-value <0.001), in patients without mentioned diagnosis, then upper respiratory tract infection (100%, 96.9%. P-value <0.001) and prescriptions written by emergency physicians (85.5%; P-value <0.001).

The key concern for public health is that bacterial strains isolated from various ecosystems are immune to antibiotics used in human medicine, thus dramatically limiting therapeutic options and threatening the lives of infected people. The present study aims to reveal the antibiotics profile of fiftysix isolates of local thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis isolated from different environmental soil sites in Maysan city, Iraq. The antimicrobial agent resistance profile of B. licheniformis isolates was performed using the disc diffusion assay according to Kirby-Bauer susceptibility test protocol. The results showed that isolates were resistance against cefepime (n=56; 100%), amoxicillin (n=13; 23.3%) and ampicillin (n=52; 92.9%); and intermediate (n=56; 100%) against cephalothin and naldixic acid. The percentage resistance was low for aztreonam (n=4; 7%), chloramphenicol (n=3; 5%), clotrimazole (n=6; 10%), novobiocin (n=2; 3.5%) and ticarcillin (n=3; 5%). On the other hand, all isolates were sensitive (n=56; 100%) towards the following antibiotics: amikacin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, imipenem, netilmycin, gentamicin, nitrofurantion, rifampin, trimethoprim and vancomycin. The results of this study suggest that the Iraqi thermophilic B. licheniformis isolates are variable in their susceptibility towards the standards antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the presence of cefepime, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin and naldixic resistant isolates of B. licheniformis in Iraqi soils is of concern about how resistance could spread to other bacteria, and ultimately to humans.

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This study aims to purification and characterization of the glucose oxidase enzyme from Penicillium notatum, the enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation (60%), dialysis and gel filtration chromatography using sephadex G-200, A trial for the purification of glucose oxidase using gel filtration technique resulted in one type of glucose oxidase with specific activity of (62.382 U/mg) with (7.385 folds) purification. the purified glucose oxidase had a maximum activity at pH = 5.5, 45 °C, glucose oxidase was stable with pH values ranging between (5 – 6) and the enzyme was maintained the activity when it incubated into (25 -35) °C for 15 minutes, analyses of the glucose oxidase for molecular weight was carried out by PAGE and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, which revealed 78 KDa, also molecular weight of the glucose oxidase was achieved by gel filtration technique and was found 87 KDa this means that enzyme consisting of only one subunit, the Km and Vmax value of glucoamylase (B) were (19.6 mM, 7.5 mM/min ) respectively using different concentration of glucose.

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