Social interaction has a crucial role in human well-being, both mentally and physically. 1 Human social isolation (SI) happens when the social relationship between individuals become deficient. 2 Moreover, it mostly occurs when the number of individuals, who are members of social links, decrease, or the qualification of social relations, diminishes. During SI, people experience unpleasant situations mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. 3,4 Some conditions force individuals to leave human groups and reduce their socia9l interactions, presence in the population, and group activities. Being single, getting a divorce and separation may also result in isolation. 2,5 Further, weak connections and lack of social support have shown to be significant risk factors of isolation, which result in loneliness, stress, and committing suicide. 6,7 Meanwhile, some infectious diseases such as COVID-19, AIDS and some physical disorders have shown to develop SI in humans. 8,9 Also, some studies have confirmed impairment in sensory processing is significantly correlated with depression.Extreme sensory processing patterns make humans feel hopeless and depressed. 10,11 As previous scientific research has described the association between vision disabilities and hearing problems with isolation and reduced human relation. 12 Loneliness is considered as a risk factor for many psychiatric disorders such as adjustment disorder, chronic stress, insomnia and also late-life dementia 9 which may be long lasting. 13 Adverse effects on cognition and behaviour, decision-making, and pain perception are followed by social isolation. 14,15 SI has shown to change the immune system, glutamate system, and hormones. [15][16][17] Besides, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, stroke, and developmental neurodegenerative diseases have occurred during SI. 15 It has been

Arsenic (As) toxicity has deleterious effects on human health causing disorder in the brain. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible neuroprotective effect of resveratrol (RSV) on arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurotoxicity in rats was developed by treating As 10 mg/kg/day for 21 days orally. Animals were put into seven groups: control, vehicle, As, As+RSV10, As+RSV20 mg/kg, RSV10, and RSV20 mg/kg. Behavioral assessments such as the social interaction test, novel object recognition test, elevated plus maze, open field, the Morris water maze, in addition to assessment of biomarkers such as ferric reducing ability of plasma assay, glutathione assay, and malondialdehyde assay, were used to evaluate the effects of RSV on cognitive impairment and molecular changes induced by As. The results showed that cognitive performance impaired in As rats. RSV20 mg/kg significantly could ameliorate behavioral changes like spatial learning in days 3 and 4 ( p < 0.05 ), recognition learning and memory ( p < 0.01 ), disabilities in motor coordination and stress ( p < 0.05 ), increased anxiety ( p < 0.05 ), and social interaction deficit (sociability ( p < 0.001 ) and social memory ( p < 0.05 )). RSV20 mg/kg also attenuated molecular modifications like decreased antioxidant power ( p < 0.001 ), reduced glutathione content ( p < 0.05 ), and increased malondialdehyde level ( p < 0.05 ) induced by As. In addition to oxidative stress assessments, RSV10 mg/kg could significantly increase FRAP ( p < 0.01 ) and GSH ( p < 0.05 ); however, MDA was not significantly increased. Our current behavioral findings suggest that RSV has neuroprotective effects against AS toxicity.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core symptoms including impairment in social communication and restrictive and repetitive behaviors and interests. Music has emerged in the past decade as an intervention therapy for children with ASD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of music on cognition impairments in the valproic acid (VPA) rat model of autism. The VPA was administered for animal modeling of autism on embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) (600 mg/kg). Male and female pups were sub divided into four main groups (Saline.Non‐music, VPA.Non‐music, Saline.Music, and VPA.Music). The rats in the music groups were exposed to Mozart's piano sonata K.448 for 30 days (4 h/day), from postnatal day (PND) 21 to 50. Autistic‐like behaviors were tested using a social interaction, the Morris water maze (MWM), and a passive avoidance tasks at the end of the PND 50. Our results demonstrated that VPA‐exposed rat pups had significantly lower sociability and social memory performance compared with the saline‐exposed rats in both sexes. VPA‐exposed rat pups exhibited learning and memory impairments in the MWM and passive avoidance tasks. Our results demonstrated that music improved sociability in VPA‐exposed rats, especially in males. Furthermore, our findings revealed that music improved learning impairments in VPA‐exposed male rats in MWM task. In addition, music improved spatial memory impairments in VPA‐exposed rats of both sexes. We also found that music improved passive avoidance memory impairments in VPA‐exposed rats of both sexes, especially in females. More investigation in future studies are needed.

Rodents are highly dependent on maternal care after birth. Maternal separation (MS) is an animal model for studying neglect and abuse. Depriving the pup of such care renders the animal with Hypothalamic–Pituitary–adrenal (HPA) dysfunction and these animals are more susceptible to anxiety and stress as well as poor cognition. These effects are due to abnormal brain development in these animals. We have tried to investigate how maternal separation can affect pain sensation and whether a non‐pharmacological intervention such as enriched environment (EE) can restore an abnormal pain sensation. Animals were put into four groups MS, control (CTRL) and MS + EE and CTRL + EE groups that underwent EE after weaning until adulthood. These groups were tested for pain sensitivity with hot plate and tail flick for sensory pain and formalin for affect pain. The results showed that MS rats are more sensitive to pain in the hot plate test and formalin test, however, no significant difference was seen between groups for tail flick test. When MS rats experience EE their pain sensitivity is restored at the behavioral level. Further research is required to see how EE restores pain sensation in MS rats.