Background Microorganisms in oral cavity are called oral microbiota, while microbiome consists of total genome content of microorganisms in a host. Interaction between host and microorganisms is important in nervous system development and nervous diseases such as Autism, Alzheimer, Parkinson and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Bacterial infections, as an environmental factor in MS pathogenesis play role in T helper 17(Th17) increase and it enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interlukin-21(IL-21), IL-17 and IL -22. Oral microbiota consists diverse populations of cultivable and uncultivable bacterial species. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is an acceptable method for identification of uncultivable bacteria. In this study, we compared the bacterial population diversity in the oral cavity between MS and healthy people. Methods From October to March 2019, samples were taken at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences’ MS patients center. A total of 30 samples were taken from MS patients and another 30 samples were taken from healthy people. Phenotypic tests were used to identify bacteria after pure cultures were obtained. DNA was extracted from 1 mL of saliva, and PCR products produced with primers were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. Results The genera Staphylococcus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Veillonella, Propionibacterium and uncultivable bacteria with accession number MW880919-25, JQ477416.1, KF074888.1 and several other un-culturable strains were significantly more abundant in the MS group while Lactobacillus and Peptostreptococcus were more prevalent in the normal healthy group according to logistic regression method. Conclusion Oral micro-organisms may alleviate or exacerbate inflammatory condition which impact MS disease pathogenesis. It may be assumed that controlling oral infections may result in reduction of MS disease progression.

Background and Objectives: Microorganisms producing Metallo-Beta-Lactamase (MBL) are a threat and cause of concern as they have become one of the most feared resistance mechanisms. This study was designed to explore the prevalence of MBL production in clinical isolates of Gram negative bacteria using phenotypic MBL detection. Materials and Methods: A total of 248 isolates were collected from various clinical samples and were evaluated for car- bapenem resistance and MBL production. All strains were screened for MBL production using Double Disk Confirmatory Test (DDCT). Results: The results of screening for MBL production using phenotypic disk diffusion method showed that in the 85 isolates were carbapenemase positive; including, 10 (16.1%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 9 (14.5%) Escherichia coli, 58 (93.6%) Acine- tobacter baumannii, and 8 (12.9%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Also, 83 (97.6) Carbapenemase-producing isolates were resistant to at least four classes of antimicrobials (MDR). Conclusion: A. baumannii was the most common carbapenem resistant bacterium in medical centers in Kermanshah. Significant multiple drug resistance (MDR) incidence was observed compared to different classes of antibiotics.

Background In addition to the major problems that a child with mental disorder, the family, and society are faced with, mental disorders in children cause several problems and care pressure on the parents in particular. While the parents suffer the highest damages by their child’ disease, they tend to hide their pains, sufferings, and needs from others. The present study is an attempt to elaborate on psychosocial needs in the parents of children with mental disorder. Methods The study was carried out as a qualitative study using content analysis method. To this end, 21 parents of children with mental disorder at age range 10-18 years took part in the study. The participants were selected through purposeful sampling and after signing an informed letter of consent, deep semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. The interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants and the data was analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results Analysis of the interviews revealed 302 codes, 16 subcategories, seven categories, and two themes. The theme “psychological needs” was comprised of categories the need for assurance, the need for emotional support, and the need for being accepted. The theme “social needs” was comprised of categories the need for social support, the need for welfare, the need for information support, and the need for family support. Conclusion Given the changes in their lives caused the disease of their children, parents of children with mental disorders deal with several needs and challenges. The needs categorized in mental and emotional fields and social and information supports were the main needs.