No abstract

In this study, the effects of sulfurization temperature on the properties of thermally evaporated Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin films were investigated. Molybdenum (Mo) coated soda lime glass (SLG) was used as substrates and stoichiometric CZTS powder (99.95%) was used as the source material. XRD patterns showed that CZTS were formed with preferential orientations of (112) > (220) > (312) for all the investigated films. The intensity of (112) peak is found increasing until a certain temperature indicating that the highest degree of crystallinity is achieved together with secondary phases such as ZnS and SnS. It was confirmed by raman shift at 338 cm %1 from Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results showed a trend for surface roughness as well as morphology. From Hall effect measurement, all deposited films exhibited p-type conductivity. From UV-vis spectroscopy measurement, the optical band gap of all the films are found in the range of potential absorbers for CZTS based thin film solar cells.

Researches done prior to this study focuses on designing of pressure vessel, theoretical studies on failure modes and catastrophic accidents of pressure vessel. This study intents to analyse stress effect based on ASME VIII Division I, PD 5500, and EN 13445 and design a storage tank using PVElite. This study is done for varying internal design temperature and internal design pressure. It is limited by tank capacity, size, type, shape and orientation of pressure vessel. The external design temperature, external design pressure, head type, joint efficiency, diameter, length, and corrosion allowance are restricted as well. The study is done by selecting type of pressure vessel, code of practices, materials and design parameters before performing analysis using PVElite. A LPG storage tank was designed using PVElite. A total of twelve simulation is done and the results are tabulated. It is seen that American standard is capable of simulating for internal temperature less than external temperature which is not possible than the other two counterparts. Here, the external temperature is set at 250C and the internal temperature varies from 00C -600C with increment of 200C. British and European standard had an error while performing simulation for