Objective: To determine the efficacy of Frequency-doubled Nd: YAG laser (532 nm) green laser in treatment of diabetic macular edema Study Design: This is a descriptive case series study. Setting: Study carried out at Ophthalmology Department, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, from 01-10-2019 to 31-03-2020 (06 months). Materials and Methods: The patients with diabetic macular edema and were advised focal laser photocoagulation with help of frequency doubled Nd: YAG laser (532 nm) green laser. Improvement in visual acuity >2 lines after 3 months on snellen’s chart from the baseline was labeled as efficacy positive. Results: The total of 150 patients were included to assess efficacy of frequency doubled Nd: YAG laser (532 nm) green laser in treating diabetic macular edema as a result improvement in visual acuity of 98 (65.33%) and no improvement or same vision in 52 (34.67%) patients was observed. Conclusion: It is to be concluded that frequency doubled Nd: YAG laser (532 nm) green laser is an effective, useful and non-invasive diagnostic tool in treating diabetic macular edema.

Objective: To determine the outcome of surgery of cataract on intraocular pressure. Study Design: Observational Study. Setting: Study carried out at Ophthalmology Department, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, from 16-03-2020 to 15-09-2020. Material & Method: Patients with cataract and plan for cataract surgery were randomly taken into two groups, caliberated applanation tonometry was used to asses pre and postoperative ocular pressure. Iop range between 12-40mmHg associated with cataract patients with selected following criteria from out patient department (OPD) with 40-86 years of age, either gender, healthy cornea, having been controlled for diabetes and hypertension. Results: Age range of the patients was between 40 and 86 years, the overall mean ± SD age of the patients was 58.48 ± 9.28 years. Our study observed that female 143 (52.6%) patients were more affected than male 129 (47.4%) patients (male to female ratio was 1:1.1). Preoperative intraocular pressure ranged from 12 to 40 mm Hg; overall mean + SD intraocular pressure was 18.81 + 3.80 mmHg. While intraocular pressure checked within one week after surgery ranged from 8 to 26 mmHg, the overall mean + SD intraocular pressure was 12.41+2.24 mmHg (p value < 0.001) (table no. 2). A significant decrease in intraocular pressure was 10.49+1.020 mmHg observed at one month postoperative follow-up (p value <0.001) Conclusion: It is to be concluded that intraocular pressure decreases significantly after extraction of cataract and so the mild to moderate cataract can be treated through this as a first step in early glaucoma. Keywords: IOP, Cataract extraction, Glaucoma.

Objective: To determine the effect on intraocular pressure following primary Trabeculectomy with MMC 0.2% versus Trabeculectomy without MMC in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Study Design: This is a prospective and experimental Study. Setting: Study carried out at Ophthalmology Department, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, from 01-03-2020 to 31-08-2020 (06 Months). Materials and Methods: The patients with primary open angle glaucoma were selected from glaucoma clinic after taking careful history and clinical examination. Patients selected for trabeculectomy into two groups. Group A includes 43 patients while Group B also includes 43 patients. Among Group A patients adjunctive MMC 0.2mg/ml for a period of 3 minutes was used during trabeculectomy as a primary procedure (Test Group) while Group B patients were operated without MMC 0.2% (Control Group). Follow-up period of 06 months was observed in both groups. The span of study was from 01-03-2020 to 31-08-2020. Results: The total of 86 Eyes of 86 patients of POAG were included in this study. Group A patients were operated for trabeculectomy with MMC while group B patients were operated for trabeculectomy without MMC. The mean IOP before surgery of Group-A was 25.39±2.42 mmHg while in Group-B it was 26.23±4.23mmHg. At day 1 of surgery in Group-A patients IOP was 13.20±3.05 mmHg while in Group-B patients IOP, was 14.09±4.04 mmHg. After 3 months in Group-A, IOP was 13.04±3.81 mmHg in Group-B IOP was 14.01±4.18 mmHg. Out of 43 patients in Group-A, 41(95.3%) were succeeded while in Group-B, 39(90.7%)were succeeded. Significant result was found for IOP reduction after 6 months of surgeryin group-A IOP was 13.48 + 2.86 mmHg while in group-B, IOP was 15.09 ±2.64 (P=0.754). Conclusion: Trabeculectomy with MMC as a primary procedure seems to be more effective than trabeculectomy without MMC.