The aim of this study was to quantify gender-specific facial characteristics in younger and older adults and to determine how aging and body characteristics, such as height and bodymass index (BMI), influence facial sexual dimorphism. Methods The cohort study included 90 younger adults of Caucasian origin (average age of 45 females 23.2 ± 1.9 and 45 males 23.7 ± 2.4 years) and 90 older adults (average age of 49 females 78.1 ± 8.1 and 41 males 74.5 ± 7.7 years). Three-dimensional facial scans were performed with an Artec MHT 3D scanner. The data were analyzed using the software package Rapidform ®. The parameters to evaluate facial symmetry, height, width, profile, facial shape, nose, eyes and mouth characteristics were determined based on 39 facial landmarks. Student's t-test was used to calculate the statistical differences between the genders in the younger and older adults and a multiple-linear-regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of gender, age, body-mass index and body height. Results We found that the female faces were more symmetrical than the male faces, and this was statistically significant in the older adults. The female facial shape was more rounded and their faces were smaller, after normalizing for body size. The males had wider mouths, longer upper lips, larger noses and more prominent lower foreheads. Surprisingly, we found that all the gender-dependent characteristics were even more pronounced in the older adults. Increased facial asymmetry, decreased facial convexity, increased forehead angle, narrower vermilions and longer inter-eye distances occurred in both genders during aging. An increased BMI was associated with wider faces, more concave facial profiles and wider noses, while greater body height correlated with increased facial heights and wider mouths.

BACKGROUND. Facial ageing is a result of superficial wrinkling and the changes of the underlying soft tissues and skeleton. The influence of tooth loss as geriatric characteristic on facial appearance is still poorly explained. The aim was to evaluate the facial characteristics of older adults in correlation with the dentition and compare them with young adults using a non-invasive 3D methodology. METHODS. 90 participants older than 65 years, classified into 3 subgroups (edentulous, partially edentulous, toothed) and 30 young adults were evaluated. Their faces were scanned with an optical Artec 3D-scanner. Cephalometric analyses were determined using the computer program RapidForm. An independent t-test and ANOVA were used for the comparisons. The pair-wise post-hoc tests were applied with respect to the significant differences (P < 0.05). RESULTS. Older adults' faces are wider and longer because of a longer middle facial height. Older adults have longer upper lip, larger nose, smaller nasolabial angle due to the nasal ptosis, narrower upper and lower lip vermilions and larger facial and lower facial height angles, resulting in a flat facial profile. The ageing facial changes are the most pronounced in the edentulous. In comparison with the toothed they have a smaller facial height due to the smaller lower facial height, larger nasolabial angle, smaller mouth width, shorter upper lip and narrower lip vermilions. Their profile is more flat and lips more retruded. CONCLUSIONS. The whole face proportions are changed in older adults and they are the most expressed with the tooth loss.

Background Facial ageing is a result of superficial wrinkling combined with changes to the underlying soft tissues and skeleton. The influence of tooth loss, as a geriatric characteristic, on facial appearance is still poorly explained. The aim was to evaluate the facial characteristics of older adults, correlate these characteristics with the dentition and make comparisons with young adults using a non-invasive 3D methodology. Methods 90 participants older than 65 years, classified into 3 subgroups (edentulous, partially edentulous, toothed) and 30 young adults were evaluated. Their faces were scanned with an optical Artec 3D-scanner. Cephalometric analyses were made using the RapidForm computer program. An independent t-test and ANOVA were used for the comparisons. Pairwise, post-hoc tests were applied with respect to the significant differences (P < 0.05). Results The faces of older adults are wider and longer because of the longer middle facial height. Older adults also have a longer upper lip, a larger nose, a smaller nasolabial angle (due to the nasal ptosis), narrower upper- and lower-lip vermilions and larger facial and lower-facial-height angles, resulting in a flat facial profile. The facial changes due to ageing are the most pronounced in the edentulous. In comparison with the toothed, they have a smaller facial height due to the smaller lower facial height, larger nasolabial angle, smaller mouth width, shorter upper lip and narrower lip vermilions. Their profile is flatter and their lips are more retruded. Conclusions The proportions of the whole face are changed in older adults and they are the most expressed when this is combined with tooth loss.