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Abstract. Ethnic enclaves exist in many countries as a manifestation of the immigrants' identity and the connection to their homeland. This research investigates on the tangible and intangible attributes of an ethnic enclave. The study was conducted on Little India, Penang and 'Little India' of Klang through observations and interviews, with literature review, to form the research framework. The data obtained were matched against Part X Clause 67 (1) and (2) of the National Heritage Act 2005. Though not listed as National Heritage, it was found that both sites possess significant physical and cultural attributes which could be used as a basis for conservation framework of ethnic enclave while maintaining its authenticity.

The presence of the Industrialised Building System (IBS) has a significant effect on Malaysian economic growth, especially in increasing labour productivity, however, its growth regularly fluctuates. Hence, in 2015, Malaysia Corporation Productivity (MPC) promoted a lean approach to IBS as one of the strategies for labour productivity enhancement. Therefore, extensive literature reviews regarding the current implementation of the lean approach mainly in IBS have led to the purpose of this study. Relevant published journals and proceedings in the range of 2015 to 2022, including governing bodies' reports were synthesized from the findings that were searched through online databases. The findings revealed that JIT is a common practice in IBS mainly used in logistic management. This shows that the current implementation of the lean approach in IBS is not holistically implemented and limited application of other strategies such as Kanban, Value Stream Mapping (VSM), Benchmarking, and so forth. The unavailability of guidelines on how to use the lean approach coupled with a lack of knowledge and awareness leads to misconceptions regarding lean. In addition, limited literature has discussed its solutions, which this study intended to accomplish. The significance of this study to shows that could be a starting point for IBS production to learn how to think like a lean in a comprehensive way and align with IBS' mission and vision.

The high rate of accidents and injuries in the construction industry globally enables us to evaluate our priority from the past performance to the major determinants of safety and health. By giving attention to human factors, organisations can identify and differentiate potential hazards of reckless behaviour prior to the incidents of accidents or illness. One way to achieve this is to measure 'leading' safety factors, such as safety culture. The objectives of this research are identifying the ways to adopt and implement the suitable and efficiency safety culture for the construction project in Klang Valley to prevent the accidents and injuries in construction industry as well as to provide a safe working environment. We use quantitative method with close-ended questionnaire and descriptive design for this study. The questionnaires inquired on the issues and problems and success factors in implementing safety culture in construction project. The company selected for this study was limited and only focus on 10 construction companies in Klang Valley. The total of the respondents was 40. The quantitative analysis of data was done using Average Index Method and the data were analysed using descriptive analysis. From the study, the most popular problems to adapt and implementing safety culture are the poor safety culture. The success factors in implementing safety culture were safety rules and procedures that are provided and easy to understand. Overall, the workers perception of the safety culture around Klang Valley construction site was fairly low with need for improvement such as safety practices from management, encourage of safety motivation and training on safety and health. The results and outcomes of the research can be used to guide construction management in establishing a positive safety culture and provide workers with the opportunity to have a platform to reflect on their motivations and choices for safety at work.