We develop a method for converting the unfathomed ''invisible'' behavior of the traditional batch hydrothermal process to a visual image. By utilizing a novel gelation system, the ''black box'' of hydrothermal synthesis is opened. The poloidal annular structure of the gel reveals the existence of annular natural convection in the batch hydrothermal solution. Temperature gradient is the dominating driving force. Larger reactors would strengthen the flow behavior, resulting in a non-negligible effect on the hydrothermal products, especially gels.

Abstract

No abstract