Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection leads to severe acute and chronic liver disease in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is common among HBV-infected patients globally. HDV has an estimated prevalence of 4.5% among HBsAg-positive individuals. It is responsible for an estimated 18% of cirrhosis and 20% of HCC associated with hepatitis B. 1 An estimated 257-291 million people are chronically infected with HBV, 2 corresponding to 11-13 million individuals coinfected with HDV.

No abstract

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The risk of being infected at least once in a lifetime among both men and women is estimated to be 50%. Although the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and improve within 2 years, approximately 10% of individuals develop a persistent infection and have an increased risk of developing carcinomas. The association of HPV and genital cancer is well established. However, there is evidence that HPV may also be associated with other cancers, including those of the gastrointestinal system. The aim of this review is to organize the current evidence of associations between HPV infections and oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal cancers, including the following: oropharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, and anal cancers. A comprehensive review of the most up-to-date medical literature concluded that an HPV infection might have a role in the oncogenesis of gastrointestinal tract cancers. HPV may have a causal relationship with oropharyngeal and esophageal squamous cell cancers. However, the association between HPV and gastric and colorectal cancers is weaker. The development of cancer in the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal tract is usually multifactorial, with HPV having a role in at least a subset of these cancers. HPV infections pose a big challenge due to their burden of infection and their oncogenic potential.