Especially in recent years, important population mobility occurs worldwide, including refugee crisis affecting especially Middle East and Europe. Consequently, like other infectious diseases have signifi cance for public health, leishmaniasis is spreading globally. 350 million people in 88 countries, mostly in developing areas, are at risk of leishmaniasis. The diseases may be seen in three clinical forms as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral caused by about 20 different species of Leishmania parasite. The parasitological diagnosis is made by microscopic examination, cultivation, PCR and serological methods. There is currently no available vaccine for this infection. Pentavalent antimonials are the fi rst line therapeutic choice, whereas amphotericin B, pentamidine, miltefosine, and paromomycin are alternative drugs. Other side, increasing resistance and toxicity of the current therapeutics are signifi cant problems. The combination therapy, immunotherapy, anti-leishmanial synthetic and natural products, and local hyperthermic applications are promising for future treatment of leishmaniasis. The preventive efforts have been applying based on individuals and community.In CHB patients, habits of drinking alcohol and cigarette smoking, elevated serum levels of TBil and serum AST/ALT ratio, increased duration of hepatitis B, a family of hepatitis B, male gender and older age can increase the risk of LC development.

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