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An efficient extraction of anthocyanin from purple corn (Zea mays L.) was investigated in this paper. Tristimulus colourimetry was used to evaluate the process quantitatively and qualitatively. Purple corn anthocyanin was extracted with 1 n HCl-95% ethanol (15:85, v ⁄ v) at different extraction temperatures (30-70°C), times (60-120 min) and solid-liquid ratio (1:20-1:40). The combined effects of extraction conditions on anthocyanin yield and colour attributes were studied using a three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design. The results showed that the highest yield of anthocyanin from purple corn (6.02 mg g )1 ) were obtained at 70°C, extraction time 73 min, and solid-liquid ratio 1:25. Three kinds of non-acylated anthocyanins were detected and characterised as cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside by HPLC-MS.

Abstrak Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakangangguan metabolism yang menyebabkan kondisi hiperglikemia. Hiperglikemia akan memicu pembentukan radikal bebas. Radikal bebas yang berlebihan dapat merusak sistem membran sel dan kematian sel di berbagai jaringan tubuh. Salah satu penanda terjadinya kematian sel pada suatu jaringan adalah caspase-3. Ubi ungu merupakan tanaman tradisional yang mengandung antosianin yang bermanfaat sebagai antiinflamasi, antioksidan, neuroprotektan, dan antidiabetik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian antosianin ubi ungu terhadap ekspresi caspase-3 pada jaringan otak tikus Wistar yang diinduksi DM tipe 2. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental post-test only control group. Sampel penelitian terbagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, antosianin dosis 10 mg/kgBB, dosis 20 mg/kgBB, dan dosis 80 mg/kgBB selama 5 minggu. Kontrol positif adalah tikus yang dibuat DM tipe 2, sedangkan kontrol negatif adalah tikus sehat. Ekspresi caspase-3 diukur dengan metode imunohistokimia. Analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi caspase-3 berbeda secara bermakna pada semua kelompok perlakuan (ANOVA, p<0,05). Pemberian antosianin dosis 10 dan 20 mg/kgBB menurunkan ekspresi caspase-3 secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol positif, sedangkan pemberian antosianindosis 80 mg/kgBB justru meningkatkan ekspresi caspase-3. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian antosianin dosis 10 dan 20 mg/kgBB menurunkan ekspresi caspase-3 pada jaringan otak tikus wistar model DM tipe 2. Kata kunci: antosianin, ekspresi caspase-3, hiperglikemia, jaringan otak Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that leads to the condition of hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia will trigger the formation of free radicals. Excessive free radicals can damage the cell membrane system and cell death in various tissues. Caspase-3 is a marker of cell death in a tissue. Purple sweet potato is a traditional crop that contain anthocyanins that are useful as antiinflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotectant, and antidiabetic. This study was conducted to determine the effect of purple sweet potato anthocyanin on the expression of caspase-3 in brain tissue of diabetes mellitus type 2-induced Wistar rats. This study used an experimental post-test only control group design. The research sample was divided into 5 groups: negative control, positive control, anthocyanin dose of 10 mg/kg, dose of 20 mg/kg, and dose of 80 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Positive control contained of rats with DM type 2, whereas negative control contained of the healthy rats. The expression of caspase-3 was measured by immunohistochemistry methods. Statistic analysis result showed that the expression of caspase-3 increased significantly in all treatment groups (ANOVA, p < 0,05). Anthocyanin dose of 10 and 20mg/kg treatment decreased the expression of caspase-3 significantly more than the positive control. While the treatment of anthocyanin dose of 80mg/kg body weight actually increase the expression of caspase-3. It can be concluded tha...

Chicoric acid is the main phenolic active ingredient in Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae), best known for its immune‐enhancing ability, as well as used as a herbal medicine. To achieve further utilization of medicinal ingredients from E. purpurea, an efficient preparative separation of chicoric acid was developed based on macroporous adsorption resin chromatography. The separation characteristics of several different typical macroporous adsorption resins were evaluated by adsorption/desorption column experiments, and HPD100 was revealed as the optimal one, which exhibited that the adsorbents fitted well to the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm model, and the optimal process parameters were obtained. The breakthrough curves could be predicted and end‐point could be determined early. Besides, the optimal elution conditions of chicoric acid can be achieved using the quality control methods. As a result, the purity of chicoric acid was increased 15.8‐fold (from 4 to 63%) after the treatment with HPD100. The process of the enrichment and separation of chicoric acid is considerate, because of its high efficiency and simple operation. The established separation and purification method of chicoric acid is expected to be valuable for further utilization of E. purpurea according to product application in pharmaceutical fields in the future.