Biham-Middleton-Levine model in consideration of cooperative willingness * Pan Wei(盘 薇) a)b) , Xue Yu(薛 郁) a) † , Zhao Rui(赵 瑞) a) , and Lu Wei-Zhen(卢伟真) b) ‡

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：The previous LMA profile used on the CRH1 train but it does not match well with the train suspension parameters and also causes the instability of the train on tangent track and large curved track. Therefore the LMD profile was designed as the replacement of the LMA profile for the CRH1 train. However, the use of the LMD profile results in the serious wheel flange and rail gauge corner wear but it can provide better stability compared to the LMA profile. This process of optimization firstly presents the evaluation of using LMA and LMD profiles, and then a development of the wheel profile is objected in terms of both currently used profiles, which is not only to minimize the flange wear in sharp curve track and also take the vehicle dynamic behavior in tangent track into consideration. Therefore, improved particle swarm optimization method was proposed for the optimization of the wheel flange and rail gauge corner wear and the stability of wheelsets. The requirements of the wheel profile geometry are investigated through proposed optimization method which has both fast calculation speed and convergence. Furthermore, the lateral force and the angle of attack of wheel/rail of the CRH1 train will be decreased through the optimized wheel profile. The findings show that the developed profile after the optimization procedure is fairly acceptable for the requirements of the wheel-rail interface and dynamic behavior of CRH1 train.