ObjectiveThis research aimed to develop the more accurate mapping algorithms from health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI) onto EQ-5D-5L based on Chinese Rheumatoid Arthritis patients.MethodsThe cross-sectional data of Chinese RA patients from 8 tertiary hospitals across four provincial capitals was used for constructing the mapping algorithms. Direct mapping using Ordinary least squares regression (OLS), the general linear regression model (GLM), MM-estimator model (MM), Tobit regression model (Tobit), Beta regression model (Beta) and the adjusted limited dependent variable mixture model (ALDVMM) and response mapping using Multivariate Ordered Probit regression model (MV-Probit) were carried out. HAQ-DI score, age, gender, BMI, DAS28-ESR and PtAAP were included as the explanatory variables. The bootstrap was used for validation of mapping algorithms. The average ranking of mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), adjusted R2 (adjR2) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to assess the predictive ability of the mapping algorithms.ResultsAccording to the average ranking of MAE, RMSE, adjR2, and CCC, the mapping algorithm based on Beta performed the best. The mapping algorithm would perform better as the number of variables increasing.ConclusionThe mapping algorithms provided in this research can help researchers to obtain the health utility values more accurately. Researchers can choose the mapping algorithms under different combinations of variables based on the actual data.

Objectives: This study aimed to understand current status of pharmaceutical care barriers and explore the impact of them on the role ambiguity and role conflict of clinical pharmacists in secondary and tertiary hospitals in mainland China.Methods: The Chinese version of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Scale was used to measure clinical pharmacists’ role ambiguity and role conflict. A questionnaire for clinical pharmacists’ pharmaceutical care barriers was established to determine whether clinical pharmacists encounter barriers. Multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the influence of various pharmaceutical care barriers on the role ambiguity and role conflict of clinical pharmacists.Results: 1,300 clinical pharmacists from 31 provinces were eventually included. The results revealed that commonly perceived barriers to pharmaceutical care by clinical pharmacists include the lack of financial compensation and dedicated time for pharmaceutical care. Barriers such as clinical pharmacists’ unawareness of the importance of pharmaceutical care increase the degree of clinical pharmacists’ role conflict. And the lack of financial compensation for pharmaceutical care decreases the degree of role ambiguity, while barriers such as the lack of dedicated time for pharmaceutical care, the failure to standardize the service procedures and contents of related documents in healthcare institutions increase the degree of role ambiguity.Conclusion: Increased focus on enhancing financial compensation, responsibility cognition, education and training, and greater consideration of institutional factors could help clinical pharmacists better manage their work environments and provide higher-quality pharmaceutical care.