No abstract

No abstract

In recent years, cationic liposomes have been successfully used as delivery platforms for mRNA vaccines. Poly­(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-lipid derivatives are widely used to enhance the stability and reduce the toxicity of cationic liposomes. However, these derivatives are often immunogenic, triggering the rise of anti-PEG antibodies. Understanding the role and impact of PEG-lipid derivatives on PEGylated cationic liposomes is key to solving the PEG dilemma. In this study, we designed linear, branched, and cleavable-branched cationic liposomes modified with PEG-lipid derivatives and investigated the effect of the liposome-induced accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon on photothermal therapy. Our study indicated that the linear PEG-lipid derivatives mediated the effect of photothermal therapy by stimulating splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells to secrete anti-PEG antibodies and increasing the level of IgM expression in the follicular region of the spleen. However, the cleavable-branched and branched PEG-lipid derivatives did not activate the complement system and avoided the ABC phenomenon by inducing noticeably lower levels of anti-PEG antibodies. The cleavable-branched PEGylated cationic liposomes improved the effect of photothermal therapy by reversing the charge on the liposome surface. This detailed study of PEG-lipid derivatives contributes to the further development and clinical application of PEGylated cationic liposomes.

The recent approvals for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in multiple malignancies in the past few years have fueled the ongoing development of this class of drugs. However, the limitation of ADCs...

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are playing more and more important roles in the development of world economic. A relative small set of multinational enterprises account for most of the world's trade and investment (Rugman and Verbeke, 2004). Indeed, the largest 500 MNEs account for over 90% of the world's stock of foreign direct investment (FDI) and they, themselves, conduct about half the world's trade ( Rugman, 2000).The empirical evidence, however, shows that MNEs are more regional than national versus global. "Data on the activities of the 500 largest MNEs reveal that very few are successful globally. For 320 of the 380 firms for which geographic sales data are available, an average of 80.3% of total sales are their home region of the triad, this means that many of the world's largest firms are not global but regionally based, in terms of a balanced geographic distribution of sales across the triad." (Rugman and Verbeke, 2004). Therefore, it is very significant to study where the regional impact is on multinational management. In this paper, I will discuss the model of expansion from local enterprises to multinational enterprises and how the regional factors affect enterprises operations.