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Salmonella is a zoonotic and food-borne pathogen. The widespread spread and contamination of this pathogen poses a great threat to food safety and public health. The existence of Salmonella virulence island is closely related to its pathogenic effect. In this paper, five main virulence islands of Salmonella and their encoding genes and functions are systematically introduced. Further analysis of the characteristics of pathogenicity islands, virulence evolution and virulence gene expression regulation are helpful to explore the mechanism of interaction between various virulence factors and host in Salmonella, so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of salmonellosis.