Consumers are increasingly seeking not-from-concentrate (NFC) juice as a convenient, less expensive alternative to fresh juice. This study evaluated the effect of thermal pasteurization (TP) and ultraviolet (UV) treatment of NFC apple juice on microbial growth and changes in the quality parameters. Both TP and UV decreased the total number of bacteria, mould and yeast and achieved the requirement of commercial sterilization in the NFC juice. The soluble solids, total sugars and phenolics in the juice were not significantly affected by both UV and TP. The shelf life of NFC samples treated with UV and TP was extended for 3 and 5 weeks longer than freshly squeezed juices, respectively. However, the samples treated with UV could effectively avoid the increasing of turbidity and improve quality characteristics. UV is a suitable alternative to TP during processing, because UV effectively retains fresh-like properties.Efecto de la pasteurización térmica y el tratamiento ultravioleta en los parámetros de calidad del jugo (zumo) de manzana no de concentrado de diferentes variedades RESUMEN Cada vez más los consumidores buscan el jugo no de concentrado (NFC) como una alternativa conveniente y menos costosa al jugo fresco. Este estudio evaluó el efecto provocado por la pasteurización térmica (TP) y el tratamiento ultravioleta (UV) en el crecimiento microbiano y los parámetros de calidad al ser aplicados al jugo de manzana NFC. Tanto la TP como el UV disminuyeron el número total de bacterias, moho y levadura, logrando el requisito de esterilización comercial en el jugo NFC. Los rayos UV y la TP no afectaron significativamente los contenidos de sólidos solubles, azúcares totales y fenólicos en el jugo. La vida útil de las muestras de NFC tratadas con UV y TP se extendió por 3 y 5 semanas más que la de los jugos recién exprimidos, respectivamente. Por otra parte, se comprobó que las muestras tratadas con UV podrían evitar efectivamente el aumento de la turbidez, mejorando las características de calidad. El UV es una alternativa adecuada a la TP durante el procesamiento, ya que conserva eficazmente las propiedades del jugo fresco.

This paper is the first to systematically review the theoretical mechanisms of environmental regulation and trade comparative advantage that affect the green transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. On this basis, corresponding hypotheses are put forward. The non-radial and non-angle SBM (slacks-based measure) efficiency measurement model with undesirable outputs was used, combined with the use of the ML (green total factor productivity index) productivity index to measure green total factor productivity. Finally, the theoretical hypothesis was empirically tested using data from 27 manufacturing industries in China from 2005 to 2017. The results show the following: (1) There is a significant inverted U-shaped curve relationship between environmental regulation and the transformation of the manufacturing industry. In other words, as environmental regulation increases, its impact on the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry is first promoted and then suppressed. (2) When there are no environmental regulations, the trade comparative advantage of the manufacturing industry is not conducive to industrial transformation. However, under the constraints of environmental regulations, the comparative advantage of trade will significantly promote the green transformation and upgrading of manufacturing. Therefore, in order to effectively promote transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing, this paper proposes the following policy recommendations: (1) The Chinese government should pay more attention to the impact of environmental regulation intensity on the transformation of manufacturing industries, further increase the intensity of environmental regulation within the reasonable range, and fully exert the positive effects of environmental regulation on the trade patterns and manufacturing industry transformation. (2) We should further optimize the structure of trade, realize the diversification of manufacturing import and export, and promote its transformation into high-end manufacturing. On this basis, green production technology in the manufacturing industry can be improved through the technology spillover effect. (3) Efforts should be made to improve the level of collaborative development between environmental regulation and trade patterns and to explore the transformation path of the manufacturing industry with the integration of environmental regulation and trade patterns.

This paper found the optimization direction of ecological compensation project from the perspective of farmers’ well-being. Based on the data of 2016 China Labor Force Dynamic Survey (CLDS2016), this paper uses the ordered Probit model to investigate the impact of the Grain for Green Program on farmers’ subjective well-being. The study found that the Grain for Green Program significantly reduced farmers’ subjective well-being. Further research found that the Grain for Green Program ultimately inhibited the subjective well-being of farmers by reducing the subjective perception of air, soil and noise pollution, intensifying the subjective perception of water pollution and reducing the per capita income of households. In the new round of the Grain for Green Program in the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, it is advisable to increase the intensity of income compensation, strengthen supervision to ensure the payment of compensation to households, and control the scale of the project based on ecological foundation, so as to improve the well-being of farmers.

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