Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (5' hypervariable region, 554 bp) sequences from 71 samples of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur Hodgson, 1833) collected from six study localities throughout Helan Mountain Nature Reserve in Ningxia province of China were investigated to analyse distribution patterns of genetic variability, elucidate matrilineal structure, and investigate population history. Haplotype diversity (h) among the 71 samples was estimated to be 0.792 ± 0.037, and nucleotide diversity (Å) was relatively low (0.00392 ± 0.00046). A 2 contingency analysis of all mtDNA haplotype frequencies revealed that these haplotypes were distributed in a nonrandom fashion among study localities ( 2 = 86.205, P = 0.092). Additional evidence of matrilineal structure was provided by the finding that a significant amount (9.02%; P < 0.01) of mtDNA variation was partitioned among different localities in the study area. We conclude that blue sheep of Helan Mountain Nature Reserve are structured spatially along matrilines. Pairwise computations of Èst and an AMOVA indicated that some sampling localities are differentiated relative to a random collection of genotypes and reflected differences in the spatial distribution of genetic variation. Isolation-by-distance (IBD) models (Mantel tests) revealed no obvious association between genetic differentiation and geographical distance. These results could be a basis for the development of suitable management strategies for conservation purposes. This work represents the first analysis of blue sheep mitochondrial control region DNA to be performed from a population genetics perspective.Résumé : Nous avons étudié les séquences des régions de contrôle de l'ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt) (région hypervariable 5') dans 71 échantillons de bharals de l'Himalaya (Pseudois nayaur Hodgson, 1833) prélevés dans six localités d'étude réparties dans toute la Réserve naturelle du mont Helan dans la province de Ning-hsia en Chine afin d'analyser les patrons de répartition de la variation génétique, déterminer la structure matrilinéaire et étudier l'histoire de la population. Nous estimons la diversité des haplotypes (h) dans les 71 échantillons à 0,792 ± 0,037 et la diversité des nucléotides (Å) à 0,00392 ± 0,00046, une valeur relativement basse. Une analyse de contingence de 2 de toutes les fréquences des haplotypes de l'ADNmt montre que ces haplotypes ne sont pas répartis de façon aléatoire dans les localités d'étude ( 2 = 86,205, P = 0,092). Une partie significative (9,02 %; P < 0,01) de la variation de l'ADNmt est répartie entre les différ-entes localités de la région d'étude, ce qui appuie aussi l'existence d'une structure matrilinéaire. Nous concluons que les populations de la Réserve naturelle du mont Helan sont structurées dans l'espace d'après des lignées maternelles. Les calculs paire par paire de È st et une AMOVA indiquent que certains points d'échantillonnage se différentient d'une collection aléatoire de génotypes, ce qui reflète les différences de répartition spatiale de la variation gé...
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