Big data is widely used for its large capacity. Performance appraisal is the evaluation of work, which can serve as a warning and motivation for employees. College teachers play an important role in the development of higher education. How to realize the rational use of college resources is a problem that needs to be solved urgently. This paper aims to study the construction scheme of quantitative assessment of college teachers’ performance based on big data analysis, and use big data analysis methods to make more scientific and reasonable performance assessment methods. Based on the research of relevant theories, this paper analyzes the characteristics and existing problems of the performance appraisal system of college teachers according to the current situation of college teachers’ performance appraisal. In addition, considering the particularity of college teachers, based on questionnaires and field interviews to understand their assessment status and teachers’ expectations for assessment; based on the construction principles of college teachers’ performance assessment system, a college teacher performance assessment system is constructed. The experimental results of this paper show that 140 people believe that performance appraisal is related to salary, accounting for 35% of the total number of teachers. This data shows that the correlation between performance appraisal and salary is relatively high.