SAPHO syndrome is predominant in middle-age women, characterized by dermatological and osteoarticular manifestations with unknown aetiology. CT scan and bone scintigraphy are useful for diagnosis. There is still no standard treatment to control the disease.

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Background Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a biocathode-driven process, in which electroautotrophic microorganisms can directly uptake electrons or indirectly via H 2 from the cathode as energy sources and CO 2 as only carbon source to produce chemicals. Results This study demonstrates that a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst can enhance MES performance. An active HER electrocatalyst molybdenum carbide (Mo 2 C)-modified electrode was constructed for MES. The volumetric acetate production rate of MES with 12 mg cm −2 Mo 2 C was 0.19 ± 0.02 g L −1 day −1 , which was 2.1 times higher than that of the control. The final acetate concentration reached 5.72 ± 0.6 g L −1 within 30 days, and coulombic efficiencies of 64 ± 0.7% were yielded. Furthermore, electrochemical study, scanning electron microscopy, and microbial community analyses suggested that Mo 2 C can accelerate the release of hydrogen, promote the formation of biofilms and regulate the mixed microbial flora. Conclusion Coupling a HER catalyst to a cathode of MES system is a promising strategy for improving MES efficiency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13068-019-1413-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In active SAPHO patients, there was an anomaly of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines balance in SAPHO syndrome.