Objective: National centralized drug procurement organized by the Chinese government currently represents the largest group purchasing organization worldwide, to establish a reasonable price formation mechanism. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of centralized procurement policy on drug price and price ratio in China.Method: Monthly drug procurement data of public medical institutions were extracted from the national procurement database, including 11 pilot cities and 36 months from January 2018 to December 2020. Centralized procured INNs (International Nonproprietary Names) (n = 25) and their alternative INNs (n = 96) were selected as study samples. Centralized procured INNs were divided into bid-winning and non-winning products according to the bidding results. Drug price, price distribution, and price ratio were measured. Multi-intervention interrupted time series analysis was performed to estimate the policy impacts in two centralized procurement periods.Results: The price of centralized procured INNs showed an immediate drop of 44.57% (β = -0.59, p < 0.001) at the policy implementation, among which bid-winning drugs decreased by 61.71% (β = -0.96, p < 0.001). No significant change in the price level or trends was found for non-winning products and alternative drugs in the first-year procurement period (all p-values > 0.05). During the second-year procurement period, alternative drugs in four therapeutic categories detected significant increases in the price level (all p-values < 0.05). The overall coefficient of variation of price distribution exhibited upward trends after policy implementation. Among the most centralized procured INNs, the price ratio between certificated generics (generics that have passed the consistency evaluation) and original drugs declined significantly after policy intervention (p < 0.05), whereas the price ratio between uncertificated and certificated generics increased significantly (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Chinese government-organized group purchasing resulted in prominent price reduction of bid-winning drugs. The policy observed a short-term “spillover” effect of synergistic price reduction, while the effect wore off after 1-year procurement period. The extremely dispersed price distribution, as well as unreasonable price ratios, requires further effective price regulation means.

ConocoPhillips has engaged in research and development of carbonaceous materials as anode material for lithium ion batteries for the past 10 years and developed a technology platform for producing graphite anode materials for Li-ion batteries (Li-B). The CPreme ® graphite powders were developed as anode material for Li-ion batteries, specifically addressing the challenging needs of Li-B in automotive and other high-power applications. The CPreme ® graphite powders provide excellent combination of power, energy density, long cycle life and safety. This presentation provides details behind the technology platform used in making CPreme ® graphites. Examples of how CPreme ® graphites can help the LiB manufacturers meet the difficult requirements of future automobiles are discussed.

In view of the problems of long construction period and low precision in traditional three-dimensional modeling, it has been unable to meet the development needs of smart city construction. Based on UAV tilt photogrammetry technology, this paper carries out three-dimensional real scene modeling of Zhongdu ancient town. The results show that the threedimensional model of Zhongdu ancient town constructed by UAV oblique photogrammetry technology is realistic, rich in texture and has high accuracy, which greatly reduces the cost of three-dimensional modeling and effectively improves the efficiency of model production, and provides important technical support for the construction of ' smart city '.

As a rapid prototyping technology, 3D printing technology has been successfully utilized in medical treatment, jewelry, precision parts manufacturing, aviation and other fields. Meanwhile, owing to its feature of energy saving and emission reduction, it is attached high importance to in recent years. However, due to the problems of printing equipment and materials, and evaluation standards, the research progress of building 3D printing technology is far from sufficing the practical demand of large-scale manufacture in the construction industry. This paper starts with an introduction to the classification and development history of building 3D printing technology, explains its current research and application status, and propose outlooks for the prospective development.