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Abstract:Renewable energy can help to tackle energy poverty issues of the availability of modern energy services and the sustainability of energy supply. Based on the concept of the Energy Development Index, published by International Energy Agency, this paper builds the clean energy development index and applies the Grey incidence decision method to analyze regional energy poverty issues in China. A model using panel data investigates the influencing factors that are governing energy poverty alleviation and the relationship between energy poverty and social development. The improved index system not only considers the access to modern energy services, but also addresses the cleanliness of energy supply and the transition to clean energy consumption for cooking. The results indicate that due to insufficient clean energy development, China's Northeast and West regions have experienced increasing energy poverty problems, while energy poverty in the Southwest region has improved considerably because of its renewable energy development. Urbanization, affordability, and renewable energy development can increase access to modern energy services, contributing to energy poverty alleviation. However, the role of rural household consumption levels in energy poverty alleviation should be considered in rural energy policy.

Purpose-designed trading cities are a unique but under-researched feature of many of China’s business clusters. Trading cities have evolved as an outcome of the larger reform of China’s distribution system. During the reform process economic planners have managed the evolution of market relationships. In this context, trading cities have also become a deliberate strategy for enhancing enterprise clusters. In China, as in other low income countries, attachment to international supply chains is a double-edged process: initial opportunities for business growth are balanced against challenges to upgrade business capacity. Developing trading cities as focal points within enterprise clusters has been viewed as one way of strengthening the position of Chinese producers in value chains controlled by buyers in high income countries.  This paper draws on existing literature to examine trading city linked to a number of different business clusters. We identify four types of trading cities: real-estate, cluster-induced, hub and spoke and incubator. Four case studies highlight the differences and similarities of each type of trading city and provides guidance on the potential future of trading cities.

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The intelligent adaptive cutting of the shearer is one of the key technologies to realize the intelligent working face. However, since the “memory cut” technology is the mainstream technology, which cannot actively adapt to the coal seam variations, the trailing drum usually cuts at a fixed height without a planned cutting path. This paper analyzes the shearer’s location characteristics before and after the advancement to propose a complete calculation method for the advancing path of the shearer, which simulates all of its possible advancing paths for subsequent n cuttings. The multitree and depth-first search algorithms are utilized to filter out the optimal advance path under different mining requirements. Simultaneously, this paper indicates that the vertical curvature of the armored face conveyor (AFC) should be considered in the calculation process of the optimal advancing path at different positions of the working face to obtain the shearer’s planned cutting path for subsequent n cuttings. The proposed algorithm in this paper has apparent advantages over the “memory cut” technology and provides a good solution for the intelligent planning of cutting and pitch steering of the shearers.