This paper describes the principle of distributed optical fiber sensing technology and its application in the field of aircraft condition detection. Firstly, the differences between two kinds of distributed fiber sensing technologies are introduced, and the characteristics of the existing typical distributed fiber Bragg grating sensing system and the system type selection need system coverage, parameter sampling rate and reflected light demodulation mode. Then it introduces the principle and steps of using wavelet transform algorithm to analyze the aircraft state information. Finally, the system architecture suitable for the aircraft state detection environment is analyzed and proposed, and the integration scheme of the system with the state detection information acquisition system is discussed based on the characteristics of the system, and the problems needing attention such as time synchronization, data frame format and system interface are summarized.