Conjugated polymers have been widely studied due to their unique conductivity. This article explains the chemistry behind how conjugated polymers conduct electricity, providing detailed explanations of how alternating π bonds in conjugated polymers enable electrons to delocalise, thus their conductivity. This article also focuses on the concept of band theory in conjugated polymers along with their quantum mechanical basis of molecular orbitals, involving different approaches that could be used to tune the band gap size in conjugated polymers. The development of conjugated polymers has brought innovations for future technologies such as OLED displays due to the photo-luminescent properties of certain conjugated polymers; conductive polymers have also been used for making organic photovoltaics to generate electricity using Sunlight. This article concludes with the advantages and limitations of both OLED displays and OPVs in light of these applications. For example, OLED displays have lower power consumption, higher resolutions, and lighter weight. While OPVs can supply consistent, clean energy and are cost-effective. A common limitation for both OPVs and OLEDs is that they have a short lifetime. This article aims to provide a summary of the basics behind OLEDs and OPVs, along with their possible future influences and research directions.