Far-red (FR) insensitive 219 (FIN219) was previously shown to be involved in phytochrome A-mediated FR light signaling. To further understand its function and regulatory relation with other light-signaling components, a yeast two-hybrid approach was used to isolate FIN219-interacting partners. Here, we demonstrate that FIN219-interacting protein 1 (FIP1) interacts with FIN219 in vitro and in vivo and is composed of 217 amino acids that belong to the tau class of the large glutathione S-transferase gene family. FIP1 was further shown to have glutathione S-transferase activity. The gain of function and partial loss of function of FIP1 resulted in a hyposensitive hypocotyl phenotype under continuous FR (cFR) light and a delayed flowering phenotype under long-day conditions, which suggests that FIP1 may exist in a complex to function in the regulation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) development. In addition, FIP1 mRNA was down-regulated in the suppressor of phytochrome A-105 1 mutant and differentially expressed in constitutive photomorphogenic 1-4 (cop1-4) and cop1-5 mutants under cFR. Intriguingly, FIP1 expression was up-regulated in the fin219 mutant under all light conditions, except cFR. Furthermore, promoter activity assays revealed that FIP1 expression was light dependent, mainly associated with vascular tissues, and developmentally regulated. Subcellular localization studies revealed that the b-glucuronidase-FIP1 fusion protein was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Taken together, these data indicate that FIP1 may interact with FIN219 to regulate cell elongation and flowering in response to light.Light has a profound effect on plant growth and development. It not only provides an energy source for plant photosynthesis, but also acts as an important signal to regulate gene expression and various aspects of plant development (Kendrick and Kronenberg, 1994). Plants are equipped with different photoreceptors to sense changes in light. At least four different photoreceptor classes are found in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana): phytochromes for red (R) and far-red (FR) light, cryptochromes and phototropins for blue (B) and UV-A light, and an unknown photoreceptor for UV-B light. Phytochromes are the most extensively studied among these photoreceptors and exist in phytochrome R-absorbing (Pr) and phytochrome FR-absorbing (Pfr) forms.Research into light signal transduction by molecular genetics, cell biology, and DNA microarray approaches has made great progress (Tepperman et al
Compared with pulse-width modulation stimulation strategies that are based on sEMG detection, the MNDC strategy is more effective for both voluntary muscle force reproduction and muscle fatigue reduction.
The balance compensating techniques for asymmetric Marchand balun are presented in this letter. The amplitude and phase difference are characterized explicitly by and , from which the factors responsible for the balance compensating are determined. Finally, two asymmetric Marchand baluns, which have normal and enhanced balance compensation, respectively, are designed and fabricated in a 0.18 CMOS technology for demonstration. The simulation and measurement results show that the proposed balance compensating techniques are valid in a very wide frequency range up to millimeter-wave (MMW) band.
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